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1. Siedel 2008
   

   Autor	Heiner Siedel1
   Jahr	2008
   Titel	Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes.
   Bibtex	[Siedel:2008]Titel: Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, H.
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:Siedel-SWBSS-2008.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Lisbeth M. Ottosen and Inge Rörig-Dalgaard and Poul Klenz Larsen and Isabelle Brajer and Peder Bollingstoft and Mette Marciniak and Maja Svane (eds.): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture. Proceeding of the conference in Copenhagen 22-24 October 2008, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet DTU, Kopenhagen 2008, pp. 79-88

   
   

   1. TU Dresden, Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Geotechnik
      
      

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   Alessandrini, G., Bocci, A., Bugini, R., Emmi, D., Peruzzi, R., Realini, M. 1992 Stone materials of Noto (Siracusa) and their decay. In: Delgado Rodrigues, J., Henriques, F. & Jeremias, F.T. (eds) Proceedings 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1,11-20. Huinink, H.P., Pel, L., Kopinga, K. 2004 Simulating the growth of tafoni. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29, 1225-1233.

   Jeannette, D. 1980 Les grès du château du Landsberg : exemple d'évolution des ‘grès Vosgiens’ en milieu rural. Science Géol. Bulletin 33 (2), 111-118 (in French).

   Juling, H., Kirchner, D., Brüggerhoff, S., Linnow, K., Steiger, M., El Jarad, A., Gülker, G. 2004 Salt damage of porous materials: A combined theoretical and experimental approach. In: Kwiatkowski, D. & Löfvendahl, R. (eds): Proceedings 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, ICOMOS Sweden, Stockholm 1, 187-194.

   Klemm, W., Siedel, H. 2002 Evaluation of the origin of sulphate compounds in building stone by sulphur isotope ratio. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 205, 419-430.

   Mustoe, G. 1982 The origin of honeycomb weathering. Geological Society of America Bulletin 93, 108-115.

   Quayle, N.T.J 1992 Alveolar decay in stone – its possible origin. In: Delgado Rodrigues, J., Henriques F. & Jeremias F.T. (eds): Proceedings 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1, 109-118.

   Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E., Sebastian, E. 1999 Origins of honeycomb weathering: The role of salt and wind. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111 (8), 1250-1255.

   Rothert, E., Eggers, T., Cassar, J., Ruedrich, J., Fitzner, B., Siegesmund, S. 2007 Stone properties and weathering induced by salt crystallization of Maltese Globigerina Limestone. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 271, 189-198.

   Siedel, H. 2008 Alveolar weathering of Cretaceous building sandstones on monuments in Saxony, Germany. Geological Society, London, Special Publications (in press).

   Siedel, H. 2006 Sächsische “Porphyrtuffe” aus dem Rotliegend als Baugesteine: Vorkommen und Abbau, Anwendung, Eigenschaften und Verwitterung. Berichte Institut für Steinkonservierung Mainz 22, 47-57 (in German).

   Siedel, H. 1998 Zur Verwitterung des Rochlitzer Porphyrtuffs an der Kunigundenkirche in Rochlitz. Jahresberichte Steinzerfall-Steinkonservierung 6 (1994-1996) 335- 344 (in German).

   Steiger, M. 2000 Total volumes of crystalline solids and salt solutions. In: Price C. (ed) An expert chemical model for determining the environmental conditions needed to prevent salt damage in porous materials. European Commission, Project ENV4- CT95-0135 (1996-2000), Research Report 11, 53-63.
2. Grassegger.etal 2009
   

   Autor	Gabriele Grassegger1, Hans-Jürgen Schwarz2
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Salze und Salzschäden an Bauwerken
   Bibtex	[Grassegger.etal:2009]Titel: Salze und Salzschäden an Bauwerken Autor / Verfasser: Gabriele Grassegger; Hans-Jürgen Schwarz
   DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/epublication/8
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Grassegger-Schwarz.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 6-21.

   
   1. Hochschule für Technik, Stuttgart, Professur für Baustoffkunde und Bauchemie
   2. Ri-Con/Research in Conservation, Hannover
   
   

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   Das Vorkommen und die Verteilung von Salzen an Bauwerken sind wesentlich bei der Beurteilung von Schadensbildern und den dazugehörenden analytischen Arbeiten. Die maßgeblichen Forschungsarbeiten und Ergebnisse aus den Bereichen Denkmalpflege und Forschung im Denkmalschutz von Restauratoren, Bauingenieuren und Naturwissenschaftlern (Geologen, Mineralogen, Chemikern, Physikern etc.) zu diesem Themenkomplex werden hier in einem knappen Überblick zusammengefasst. Dabei zeigt das breite Spektrum der involvierten Fachleute die Interdisziplinarität der Problematik und die weite Streuung des Wissens.

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3. Siedel 2009a
   

   Autor	Heiner Siedel1
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Zur Herkunft von Salzen an Bauwerken
   Bibtex	[Siedel:2009a]Titel: Zur Herkunft von Salzen an Bauwerken Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, Heiner
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Siedel.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 22-29.

   
   

   1. TU Dresden, Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Geotechnik
      
      

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4. Brueggerhoff.etal 2009
   

   Autor	Stefan Brüggerhoff1, Gerhard Eggert2, Stefan Simon3
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Salze im Museum und in der Archäologie
   Bibtex	[Brueggerhoff.etal:2009]Titel: Salze im Museum und in der Archäologie Autor / Verfasser: Stefan Brüggerhoff; Gerhard Eggert; Stefan Simon
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Brueggerhoff-Simon-Eggert-klein.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 30-51

   
   1. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum
   2. Stattliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste, Stuttgart
   3. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Rathgen-Forschungslabor
   

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5. Juling.etal 2009
   

   Autor	Herbert Juling1, Christoph Franzen2
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Schadensdiagnose
   Bibtex	[Juling.etal:2009]Titel: Schadensdiagnose Autor / Verfasser: Juling, Herbert; Franzen, Christoph
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Juling Franzen.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 52-58.

   
   1. Amtliche Materialpfüfungsanstalt (MPA) der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, Institut für Werkstofftechnik
   2. Institut für Diagnostik und Konservierung an Denkmalen in Sachsen und Sachsen Anhalt e.V. (IDK), Dresden
   
   

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6. Laue.etal 2009
   

   Autor	Steffen Laue1, Christine Bläuer2, Erwin Stadlbauer3
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Monitoring
   Bibtex	[Laue.etal:2009]Titel: Monitoring Autor / Verfasser: Laue, Steffen; Bläuer, Christine; Stadlbauer, Erwin
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Laue-etal.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 59-64.

   
   1. Fachhochschule Potsdam, Studiengang Restaurierung
   2. CSC Sàrl, CH-Fribourg
   3. Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Hannover

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7. Nicolai 2009
   

   Autor	Andreas Nicolai1
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Modellierung und Simulation von Transportprozessen und Phasenumwandlungen bauschädlicher Salze
   Bibtex	[Nicolai:2009]Titel: Modellierung und Simulation von Transportprozessen und Phasenumwandlungen bauschädlicher Salze Autor / Verfasser: Nicolai, Andreas
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Nicolai.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 100-109.

   
   

   1. Institut für Bauklimatik der Technischen Universität Dresden
      
      

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8. Heritage.etal 2009
   

   Autor	Adrian Heritage1, Alison Sawdy-Heritage2, Hans-Jürgen Schwarz3, Eberhard Wendler4
   Jahr	2009
   Titel	Präventive Konservierung
   Bibtex	[Heritage.etal:2009]Titel: Preventive conservation Autor / Verfasser: Heritage, Adrian; Sawdy-Heritage, Alison; Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen; Wendler, Eberhard
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Heritage Sawdy Schwarz Wendler.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 127 -134.

   
   1. Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne Institute for Conservation Science
   2. Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne Institute for Conservation Science, jetzt ICCROM, Rom
   2. Ri-Con/Research in Conservation, Hannover
   3. Fachlabor für Konservierungsfragen, München
   
   

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9. Siedel.etal 2008
   

   Autor	H. Siedel1, E. v. Plehwe-Leisen2, H. Leisen3
   Jahr	2008
   Titel	Salt load and deterioration of sandstone at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia
   Bibtex	[Siedel.etal:2008]Titel: Salt load and deterioration of sandstone at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia /Salzbelastung und Sandsteinschäden an den Tempelanlagen in Angkor Wat Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, Heiner; von Plehwe-Leisen, Esther; Leisen, Hans
   DOI
   Link	Volltext: Datei:Angkor 2008 Torun.pdf
   Bemerkungen	In: Łukaszewicz, J.W. & Niemcewicz, P. (eds.): 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, Poland 2008. Proceedings vol. I, 267-274

   
   

   1. University of Technology, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Dresden, Germany
   2. Laboratory of Stone Conservation (LPL), Köln, Germany
   3. University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Conservation Science, Köln ,Germany
      
      

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   Keywords

   sandstone, salt load, gypsum, phosphate, nitrate, bat guano

   Abstract

   Investigations into salt occurrence, quantity of salt load and salt distribution at sand-stone surfaces of the Temple of Angkor Wat have shown that salt load has been a relevant factor for stone deterioration on this building. The main source for the salt-induced stone deterioration is bat guano.

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   Arnold A., Zehnder K. 1988. Decay of stone materials by salts on humid atmosphere. Proc. 6th Internat. Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 138-148. Torun.

   Hyvert G. 1969. Les altérations biogeochimiques des arkoses et grès des monuments Khmers. These, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Paris.

   Jaques C. 1999. Angkor. Könemann, Köln.

   Klemm W. & Siedel H. 1999. Schwefelisotopenanalyse von bauschädlichen Sulfatsalzen an historischen Bauwerken. Wiss. Mitt. Institut f. Geologie TU Bergakademie Freiberg 8, 100 pp.

   Leisen H. & v. Plehwe-Leisen E. 1999. Conservation of the Bas Reliefs at Angkor Wat Temple in Cambodia. Research - Practice - Training. Proc. 12th Triennal Meeting ICOM. 737-747. Lyon.

   Leisen H., v. Plehwe-Leisen E. & Sattler L. 1996. Weathering and conservation of Apsara reliefs at Angkor Vat, Cambodia – project Angkor. Proc. 8th Internat. Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 1137-1146. Berlin.

   Nriagu J.O. & Moore P.B.(eds.) 1984. Phosphate Minerals. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. Pettijohn F.J.; Potter P.E. & Siever R. 1987. Sand and Sandstone. Springer. New York, Berlin, Heidelberg.

   Reucher R., Leisen H., v. Plehwe-Leisen E. & Kleinschrodt, R. 2007. Petrographisch-geochemische Untersuchungen von Naturwerksteinen der Tempelanlagen des Angkor Parks / Kambodscha. Z. dt. Ges. Geowiss. 158, 3, 617-630.

   Uchida E., Ogawa Y., Maeda N. & Nakagawa T. 1999. Deterioration of stone materials in the Angkor monuments, Cambodia. Engineering Geology 55, 101-112. Wendler E. 1991. Zum Mechanismus der Schalenbildung bei tonigen Sandsteinen. Jahresberichte Steinzerfall – Steinkonservierung 1, 71-76.

   Wendler E. & Prasartset C. 2000. Old Khmer styled sandstone monuments in Thailand. Aspects of weathering and development of a conservation concept. Proc. 9th Internat. Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. 765-774. Venice.
10. Steiger 2009a
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger
    Jahr	2009
    Titel	Mechanismus der Schädigung durch Salzkristallisation
    Bibtex	[Steiger:2009a]Titel: Modellierung von Phasengleichgewichten Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Steiger Modellierung von Phasengleichgewichten.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 66-80.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
       
       

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11. Steiger 2009
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger
    Jahr	2009
    Titel	Modellierung von Phasengleichgewichten
    Bibtex	[Steiger:2009]Titel: Mechanismus der Schädigung durch Salzkristallisation Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, M.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Steiger Schadensmechanismen.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz and Michael Steiger (eds.), Salzschäden an Kulturgütern - Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite, Hannover 2009, pp. 80-99.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
       
       

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12. Franzen.etal 2008
    

    Autor	Christoph Franzen1, Frank Hoferick2, Steffen Laue3, Heiner Siedel4
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Entsalzung von Sandsteinobjekten im Wasserbad
    Bibtex	[Franzen.etal:2008]Titel: Water bath desalination of sandstone objects Autor / Verfasser: Franzen, Christoph; Hoferick, Frank; Laue, Steffen; Siedel, Heiner
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Bath desal 2008 Torun.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: J. Lukasziewicz and Piotr Niemcewicz (eds.): Proceedings 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun 2008

    
    1. Institut für Diagnostik und Konservierung an Denkmal in Sachsen uns Sachsen Anhalt e.V., Dresden
    2.
    3. Fachhochschule Potsdam, Studiengang Restaurierung
    4. Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Geotechnik
    
    

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    Water bath desalination is a widely used technique in restoration. To understand the behavior of the salts, their distribution during the measure and their movements a case study was analytically documented. The example of a sandstone vase from the Dresden Zwinger showed interesting results. The salt solution in the water bath concentrates on the bottom of the water trough. The composition in the desalination water changes over time. Salts are redistributed in the desalinated object by the final drying. The drying at the end of the measure is proceeded as very effective poultice desalination. Water bath desalination can be monitored and maintained by regular measurement of the electrical conductivity of the bath water.

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13. Sawdy.etal 2008
    

    Autor	Alison Sawdy-Heritage1, Adrian Heritage1, Leo Pol
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Review Salztransport in porösen Medien
    Bibtex	[Sawdy.etal:2008]Titel: A review of salt transport in porous media, assessment methods and salt reduction treatments Autor / Verfasser: Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A.; Pel, L.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Heritage Pol SWBSS 2008.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Lisbeth M. Ottosen and Inge Rörig-Dalgaard and Poul Klenz Larsen and Isabelle Brajer and Peder Bollingstoft and Mette Marciniak and Maja Svane (eds.): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture. Proceeding of the conference in Copenhagen 22-24 October 2008, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet DTU, Kopenhagen 2008

    
    

    1. Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne Institute for Conservation Science
       
       

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14. Roesch.etal 1993
    

    Autor	Heinrich Rösch, Hans-Jürgen Schwarz
    Jahr	1993
    Titel	Damage to Frescoes caused by sulphate-bearing salts: Where does the salt come from?
    Bibtex	[Roesch.etal:1993]Titel: Damage to Frescoes caused by sulphate-bearing salts: Where does the sulphur come from? Autor / Verfasser: Rösch, Heinrich; Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen
    DOI
    Link	URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1506367, Volltext: Datei:S1993rosch.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Studies in Conservation, 38, 4, pp. 224-230.

    
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    Crystallization of sulphates in the form of gypsum and mirabilite/thenardite is one of the main causes of the accelerated disintegration of historic frescoes. The sulphur, which is necessary for these processes, may originate from a large number of different sources. Although the nature and velocity of the processes causing the damage, as well as the possible transport pathways of the salt-forming ions, can be determined with reasonable accuracy, reliable information on the origin of the ions is seldom forthcoming. Sulphur isotope ratios were determined for various construction materials and salts from the church at Eilsum (Lower Saxony, Germany) where the romanesque frescoes have suffered serious damage. The studies showed clearly that sulphate on the walls inside the church, in contrast to that on the outside walls, originates mainly from the ground beneath the church from where capillary rise takes place within the walls. This information on sources and pathways of salt-forming ions may contribute towards developing a programme of remedial measures.

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15. Auras 2008
    

    Autor	Michael Auras1
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Poultices and mortars for salt contaminated masonry and stone objects
    Bibtex	[Auras:2008]Titel: Poultices and mortars for salt contaminated masonry and stone objects Autor / Verfasser: Auras, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Datei:Auras SWBSS 2008.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Lisbeth M. Ottosen and Inge Rörig-Dalgaard and Poul Klenz Larsen and Isabelle Brajer and Peder Bollingstoft and Mette Marciniak and Maja Svane (eds.) (2008): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture. Proceeding of the conference in Copenhagen 22-24 October 2008, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet DTU, S. 197-217.

    
    1. Institut für Steinkonservierung e.V., Mainz

    
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16. Mainusch 2001
    

    Autor	Nils Mainusch
    Jahr	2001
    Titel	Erstellung einer Materialsammlung zur qualitativen Bestimmung bauschädlicher Salze für Fachleute der Restaurierung
    Bibtex	[Mainusch:2001]Titel: Erstellung einer Materialsammlung zur qualitativen Bestimmung bauschädlicher Salze für Fachleute der Restaurierung Autor / Verfasser: Mainusch, Nils
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Diplomarbeit Nils Mainusch.pdf
    Bemerkungen	HAWK Hildesheim Holzminden Göttingen, Diplomarbeit 2001, 144 Seiten

    
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    Abstract

    Salze und Verwitterungsmechanismen, die mit Salzen in Verbindung stehen, sind eine Hauptursache des Zerfalls von Denkmalen. Salzbelastungen an Bauwerken, Malerei und Skulptur stellen eine Fülle unterschiedlicher Aufgaben an Restauratoren und Denkmalpfleger. Hierzu zählt ganz wesentlich die Untersuchung einer Salzbelastung. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit ist die Darstellung eines Untersuchungsverfahrens zur qualitativen Bestimmung bauschädlicher Salzphasen. Die Zielsetzung besteht darin, wenig aufwendige Tests mit einfachen polarisationsmikroskopischen Untersuchungen in einen Methodensatz zusammenzubringen, welches es Fachleuten der Restaurierung ermöglicht, Salzbestimmungen in einem bestimmten Rahmen eigenständig durchzuführen. In Teil 1 der Diplomarbeit wird der Methodensatz detailliert und anwendungsbezogen erläutert. Anhand von mehreren Fallbeispielen wird zudem die praktische Durchführung der Analyse verdeutlicht. Die Beobachtungen, die im Zuge der Untersuchungen gemacht werden, ermöglichen die Bestimmung eines Salzes. Die Nutzung der Beobachtungen zur eigentlichen Salzzuweisung kann effizient durch die Zuhilfenahme einer Arbeitsdatenbank erfolgen, welche mit der Diplomarbeit vorgelegt wird. Im zweiten Teil der Diplomarbeit sind für ausgewählte Salzphasen Angaben zu deren Schadenspotential sowie Erläuterungen ihrer Identifikationsmerkmale in einzelnen Dossiers zusammengestellt. Jedes der Dossiers schließt mit einem Bildatlas, in welchem visuelle Kennzeichen der Salze aufgezeigt sind.

    Specific salts are generally assumed to be one of the main reasons for the decay of monuments due to their deteriorating activity. Whenever buildings, wall paintings or sculptures made of stone suffer salt contamination, various tasks have to be tackled by restorers and conservators. First of all an orientating examination of the contamination will have to be carried out. Subject of this diploma study is the description of methods for the qualitative analysis of salts. Uncomplicated tests and simple examinations by means of the polarising microscope can be combined in order to enable restorers and conservators to carry out the analysis by themselves, within certain bounds. The first part of the diploma contains a thorough and functional description of approaches and analyzing techniques. With the help of case studies the practicability of the entire method is explained. In order to utilize efficiently the information that has been obtained during the different examinations a data base can be used which was designed as part of the diploma. Part two of the diploma is a compilation. Information about the weathering action of selected salts as well as important chemical and physical properties that permit their identification are compiled in seven dossiers. Each of them includes a photographic atlas that demonstrate the salt’s visual characteristics.

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17. Neumann.etal 1997
    

    Autor	Hans-Hermann Neumann1, A. Lork2, Michael Steiger1, Herbert Juling3
    Jahr	1997
    Titel	Decay patterns of weathered quarz sandstones: Evidence of gypsum induced structural changes
    Bibtex	[Neumann.etal:1997]Titel: Decay patterns of weathered quarz sandstones: Evidence of gypsum induced structural changes Autor / Verfasser: Neumann, Hans-Hermann; Lork, A.; Steiger, Michael; Juling, Herbert
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Neumann etal 1997.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: E.L. Sveinsdottir: Proceedings 6th Euroseminar on microscopy applied to building materials., Iceland Building Research Institute 1997, pp. 238-249.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
    2. Amtliche Materialprüfungsanstalt (MPA) der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, Analytische Baustoffmikroskopie
    3. Amtliche Materialpfüfungsanstalt (MPA) der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, Institut für Werkstofftechnik
       
       

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    Abstract

    Black gypsum crusts and thin black layers are considered to be typical weathering phenomena located on the surface of quartz sandstones. Black crusts are generelly found in sheltered areas not directly exposed to water runoff, but frequently soaked by rainwater. In contrast, thin black layers occur in zones which were subject to direct wetting by rain. Usually, enrichment of gypsum takes place not only on superficial crusts but also within the intergranular pore spaces of the stone substrate underneath crusts and thin black layers. Gypsum crystallization within the pore spaces may change the microstructural features of sandstones as well as dry-wet cycles leading to shrinking-expansion phenomena of gypsum, thus, causing decohension of silicate cemented detrital grains within the natural stone. The use of microscopic methods is helpful to characterize erosion features associated with crusts, thin black layers and inward gypsum migration. The surface samples were taken from ”Leineschloß” in Hanover, ”St. Marienkirche” in Zwickau und Erfurt Cathedral (Germany). The damage observed in the quartz sandstones under investigation is the result of a stonegypsum interaction. Stone material incorporated within gypsum crusts has lost its primary grain bond. Beyond that, cyclic crystallization pressure and shrinkage-extensinal stresses of gypsum are the potential causes for fracturing surface near quartz grains. These cracks are supposed to be generated during the initial stage of damaging processes. Simultaneously, the development of secondary intergranular porosity is involved in these processes. Thus, the microstructural damage is not visible on the stone surface. If conventional cleaning is planned, the superficial decohension of mineral content in silicate cemented sandstones should be borne in mind.

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18. Steiger.etal 1994b
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger1, Walter Dannecker1
    Jahr	1994
    Titel	Determination of wet and dry deposition of atmospheric pollutants on buiding stones by field exposure experiments.
    Bibtex	[Steiger.etal:1994b]Titel: Determination of wet and dry depostion of atmospheric pollutants on building stones by field exposure experiments Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael; Dannecker, Walter
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Steiger 1994 Venice.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Fulvio Zezza and Heinrich Ott and Vasco Fassina (eds.):  The conservation of monuments in the Mediterranean Bassin: Stone and Monuments: Methodologies for the Analyses of Weathering and Conservation. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, 1994, pp. 171-178.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
       
       

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19. Steiger 1996
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger
    Jahr	1996
    Titel	Distribution of salt mixtures in a sandstone monument: sources, transport and crystallization properties.
    Bibtex	[Steiger:1996]Titel: Distribution of salt mixtures in a sandstone monument: sources, transport and crystallization properties Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Steiger 1996 Bari.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Fulvio Zezza (eds.): Proceedings: Origin, Mechanisms and effects on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments., Protection and Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage Research Report n°4. European Commission Research Workshop, 1996, pp. 241-246.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
       
       

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20. Steiger 2004
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger
    Jahr	2004
    Titel	Influence of salts on the freezing temperature of water: implications on frost damage to porous materials.
    Bibtex	[Steiger:2004]Titel: Influence of salts on the freezing temperature of water: implications on frost damage to porous materials Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Steiger 2004 Stockholm.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Daniel Kwiatkowski and Runo Löfvendahl (eds.): Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, ICOMOS 2004, pp. 179-186.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
       
       

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21. Steiger.etal 2009
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger1, Kirsten Linnow1
    Jahr	2009
    Titel	Phase equilibria in mesoporous materials
    Bibtex	[Steiger.etal:2009]Titel: Phase equilibria in mesoporous materials Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael; Linnow, Kirsten
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SteigerDFG 2009b.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Lutz Franke and Gernod Deckelmann and Rosa Espinosa-Marzal (eds.): Simulation of Time Dependent Degradation of Porous Materials. Final Report on Priority Programm 1122, Funded by the German Research Foundation DFG, Cuvilliers Verlag 2009, pp. 183-195.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
       
       

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22. Wittenburg.etal 1996
    

    Autor	Christian Wittenburg1, Eberhard Wendler2, Michael Steiger1
    Jahr	1996
    Titel	Terracotta at Schloß Schwerin, differnt desalination treatments for the application of stone consolidating agents
    Bibtex	[Wittenburg.etal:1996]Titel: Terracotta at Schloß Schwerin, differnt desalination treatments for the application of stone consolidating agents Autor / Verfasser: Wittenburg, Christian; Wendler, Eberhard; Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Wittenburg 1996 Berlin.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Josef Riederer (eds.): Proceedings 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 1996, pp. 1717-1726.

    
    

    1. Universität Hamburg, Institut für Organische und Angewandte Chemie
    2. Fachlabor für Konservierungsfragen in der Denkmalpflege, München
       
       

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23. Lubelli 2006
    

    Autor	Barbara Antonietta Lubelli
    Jahr	2006
    Titel	Sodium chloride damage to porous building materials
    Bibtex	[Lubelli:2006]Titel: Sodium chloride damage to porous building materials Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, Barbara Antoniette
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Diss-B lubelli 20060310.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Technische Universität Delft, Promotionsschrift 2006, 174 Seiten.

    
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24. Richardt 2002
    

    Autor	Katharina Richardt
    Jahr	2002
    Titel	Kompressenentsalzung – Mechanismen der Salzbindung an mineralische Zusätze
    Bibtex	[Richardt:2002]Titel: Kompressenentsalzung – Mechanismen der Salzbindung an mineralische Zusätze Autor / Verfasser: Richardt , Katharina
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Katharina Richard Diplom.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Universität Hannover, Institut für Mineralogie, Diplomarbeit 2001, 90 Seiten

    
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25. Lubelli.etal 2006
    

    Autor	B. Lubelli1,2, R.P.J. van Hees1,2,H.P. Huinink3, C.J.W.P. Groot1
    Jahr	2006
    Titel	Irreversible dilation of NaCl contaminated lime–cement mortar due to crystallization cycles
    Bibtex	[Lubelli.etal:2006]Titel: Irreversible dilation of NaCl contaminated lime -cement mortar due to crystallization cycles Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.; Huinik, H.P.; Groot, C.J.W.P.
    DOI	10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.10.008
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Lubelli 51.2006.1.2.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 36, Issue 4, April 2006, Pages 678-687.

    
    

    1. Technical University of Delft, Delft, NL
    2. TNO Building and Construction, Delft, NL
    3. Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, NL
       
       

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    Abstract

    The mechanism of damage occurring in NaCl contaminated materials has not been clarified yet. Apart from crystallization pressure, other hypotheses have been proposed to explain the cause of decay. Irreversible dilation has been observed in a few cases but has never been studied in a more systematic way. The aim of the research is to contribute to the modeling of this phenomenon.

    In the present paper the effect of NaCl on the hydric and hygric behavior of a lime–cement mortar is extensively studied. The results indicate that NaCl influences the hydric and hygric dilation behavior of the material. The material contaminated with NaCl shrinks during dissolution and dilates during crystallization of the salt. This dilation is irreversible and sufficient to damage the material after few dissolution/crystallization cycles. This behavior is not restricted to NaCl, but is observed in the presence of other salts as well (NaNO₃ and KCl). Outcomes of electron microscopy studies suggest that salts causing irreversible dilation tend to crystallize as layers on the pore wall.

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26. Schwarz 2007
    

    Autor	Hans-Jürgen Schwarz1
    Jahr	2007
    Titel	Kaiserdom in Königslutter - Bericht zur Erprobung von Salz - reduzierenden Maßnahmen
    Bibtex	[Schwarz:2007]Titel: Kaiserdom in Königslutter - Bericht zur Erprobung von Salz-reduzierenden Maßnahmen Autor / Verfasser: Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Bericht EntsalzungStiftskircheinKoenigslutter-1.pdf
    Bemerkungen	unveröffentlichter Bericht, 23 Seiten

    
    

    1. Ri-Con/Research in Conservation, Hannover
       
       

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27. Raith.etal 2009
    

    Autor	Michael M. Raith1, Peter Raase2
    Jahr	2009
    Titel	Leitfaden zur Dünnschliffmikroskopie
    Bibtex	[Raith.etal:2009]Titel: Leitfaden zur Dünnschliffmikroskopie Autor / Verfasser: Raith, Michael M.; Raase, Peter
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Mikroskopie-Leitfaden-Bonn.pdf
    Bemerkungen

    
    

    1. Universität Bonn
    2. Universität Kiel
       
       

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28. Bommel.etal 2004
    

    Autor	Maarten van Bommel1, Lorraine Gibson2, Simon Watts3, Velichka Kontozova4, Lieve Halsberghe5
    Jahr	2004
    Titel	A comparison of diffusion tube determinations of formic and acetic acid concentrations in air
    Bibtex	[Bommel.etal:2004]Titel: A comparison of diffusion tube determinations of formic and acetic acid concentrations in air Autor / Verfasser: van Bommel, Maarten; Gibson, Lorraine; Watts, Simon; Kontozova, Velichka; Halsberghe, Lieve
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Bommel et al-2004.pdf, URL: http://iaq.dk/iap/iaq2004/bommel.pdf
    Bemerkungen	6th IAQ meeting, 10-12 November 2004, Padova

    
    1: Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN), PO Box 76709, 1070 KA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    2: University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Science, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
    3: School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
    4: University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
    5: Private ceramics conservator, Luxemburg

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    Abstract

    After inconsistent results of air concentration measurements of volatile organic acids in display cases at the Museum of London (UK) and in the City Museum of Kortrijk (Belgium), a comparison of methods was carried out amongst the institutions most actively involved in these determinations. Each laboratory had its samplers exposed to known air concentrations of formic and acetic acid in the calibrated exposure chamber at ICN and in three display cases at the City Museum of Kortrijk. After exposure the tubes were all returned to their origin and analysed. Comparison of the results shows that each laboratory is rather consistent but between laboratories numbers can differ with a factor 2.

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29. Bourges.etal 2008
    

    Autor	Anne Bourgès1, Veronique Vergès-Belmin2
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Comparison and optimization of five desalination systems on inner walls of Saint Philibert church in Dijon, France
    Bibtex	[Bourges.etal:2008]Titel: Comparison and optimization of five desalination systems on inner walls of Saint Philibert church in Dijon, France Autor / Verfasser: Bourgès, Anne; Vergès-Belmin, Veronique
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Bourges Belmin Cop2008.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Ottosen.etal:2008, pp. 29-41

    
    1. Cercle des Partenaires du Patrimoine, Champs sur Marne, France
    2. Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Champs sur Marne
    
    

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    Abstract

    In the framework of the European project “Desalination”, the Saint Philibert site has been selected as a field study to assess and compare the effectiveness of five desalination poultices after one application. These poultices were applied on two inner walls on the south side of the church. The decrease of salt concentration as well as the depth of desalination was taken into consideration in the definition of the effectiveness. This paper strongly underlines the close link between the effectiveness of desalination treatments and the properties of both stone and poultice materials. Analyses suggest that pore size distribution of the poultices should overlap pore size of the substrate for optimization of desalination efficiency. Moreover, size and arrangement of grains are probably important parameters to take into consideration when formulating poultices, as they directly influence the capillary suction of the solubilized salt solution.

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30. Beyer.etal 2003
    

    Autor	Roland Beyer1, Michael Steiger1
    Jahr	2003
    Titel	Seesalz in atmosphärischen Aerosolen und in Niederschlägen im norddeutschen Raum insbesondere in Schleswig-Holstein
    Bibtex	[Beyer.etal:2003]Titel: Seesalz in atmosphärischen Aerosolen und in Niederschlägen im norddeutschen Raum insbesondere in Schleswig-Holstein Autor / Verfasser: Beyer, Roland; Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Seesalzdeposition IAAC.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Bericht

    
    1. Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg
    
    

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31. Steiger.etal 1996
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger1, Anke Zeunert1
    Jahr	1996
    Titel	Crystallization Properties of Salt Mixtures: Comparison of Experimental Results and Model Calculations.
    Bibtex	[Steiger.etal:1996]Titel: Crystallization properties of salt mixtures: comparison of experimental results and model calculations Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, M.; Zeunert, A.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Steiger 1996 Berlin.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Josef Riederer (Hg.): 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Berlin, 30. Sept. - 4. Oct. 1996, Volume 1, pp. 535 - 544.

    
    

    1. Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
       
       

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    Abstract

    A chemical model is used to examine the phase behaviour of salt mixtures. The principal types of phase changes including crystallization/dissolution, hydration/dehydration and the formation and decomposition of double salts are illustrated for simple mixtures of two salts. The model is successfully applied to predict the crystallization properties of a four-component system. It is shown how several possible sequences of salt deposition and phase transformations are induced by changes of the ambient relative humidity. In addition an X-ray diffraction technique is presented which can be used to study the phase behaviour of salts under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity.

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32. Petkovic.etal 2005
    

    Autor	J. Petković1, L. Pel1, H.P. Huinink1, K. Kopinga1, R.P.J. van Hees2
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	Salt Transport and Crystallization in Plaster Layers: a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study
    Bibtex	[Petkovic.etal:2005]Titel: Salt Transport and Crystallization in Plaster Layers: a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study Autor / Verfasser: Petković, J.; Pel, L.; Huinink, H.P.; Kopinga, K.; van Hees, R.P.J.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 2, 97-104 (2005).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 2, 97–104, 2005

    
    

    1. Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
    2. TNO Building and Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands
       
       

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    Abstract

    The durability and performance of specially developed restoration plasters or renders, are not always as good as expected. Salt crystallization is one of the causes of the observed degradation processes. To understand these processes in more detail, we investigated whether transport in the plasters depends on the masonry material. The transport of salt and moisture during drying of some plaster/substrate systems is followed with a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique. The observed differences in drying behaviour can be related to differences in pore structure between the plaster and substrate. For a good performance of the plaster a proper matching of its pore-size distribution with that of the masonry is required.

    Die Beständigkeit und die Eigenschaften von eigens hergestellten Restaurierputzen und -mörteln sind nicht immer so gut wie erwartet. Salzkristallisation ist eine der Ursachen der beobachteten Schadensmechanismen. Um diese Vorgänge auch in Einzelheiten besser zu verstehen, untersuchten wir, ob der Transport in der Putzschicht vom darunter liegenden Mauerwerk beeinflusst wird. Der Transport von Salz und Wasser wurde während des Austrocknens von Systemen bestehend aus Putz und Untergrund mit Hilfe der magnetischen Kernspinresonanz (NMR) untersucht. Die beobachtbaren Unterschiede beim Austrocknen können mit den unterschiedlichen Porengefügen von Putz und Untergrund in Verbindung gebracht werden. Die Putzschicht kann die ihr zugewiesene Aufgabe nur erfüllen, wenn ihre Porengrößenverteilung auf die des Untergrunds abgestimmt ist.

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33. Laue 2005
    

    Autor	Steffen Laue1
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	Salt Weathering of Porous Structures Related to Climate Changes
    Bibtex	[Laue:2005]Titel: Salt Weathering of Porous Structures Related to Climate Changes Autor / Verfasser: Laue, Steffen
    DOI
    Link	Volltext:Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 381-390 (2005)-Laue.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 6, 381–390 (2005)

    
    

    1. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
       
       

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    Abstract

    The relationship between environmental conditions and the growth and dissolution of salts has been studied in specific areas of three different monuments. For this purpose, a non destructive method „Monitoring of the crystallization of salts in combination with climate measurements“ was developed which allows an understanding of the interaction between the existing salts and the ambient climate. In the crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol damage and decay of stones and wallpaintings have been caused by cyclic crystallization and dissolution of the salts halite [NaCl] and nitratine [NaNO₃] controlled by climate changes through the heating of the crypt. In the choir of St. Johannes in Mußbach wallpaintings are weathered by temperature controlled crystallization of niter [KNO₃]. In the Grottensaal of the New Palace in Potsdam the walls are deteriorated by crystallization of mirabilite [Na₂SO₄ ^.10 H₂O] and its transformation into thenardite [Na₂SO₄] and vice versa (dehydration / hydration) which is controlled by the surrounding climate (temperature and relative humidity). Understanding the behaviour of soluble salts in relation to the existing climate an appropriate conservation program can be developed.

    Die Kristallisation und Auflösung von bauschädlichen Salzen in Abhängigkeit von den Umweltbedingungen wird anhand dreier Beispiele beschrieben. Die Herangehensweise „Monitoring von Salzkristallisationen in Kombination mit Klimamessungen“ wurde als Methode entwickelt, um das Zusammenspiel zwischen Salzaktivitäten und den umgebenden Klimafaktoren an einem Bauwerk zu erfassen. In der Krypta von St. Maria im Kapitol in Köln verursacht zyklisches, durch Heizung initiiertes Kristallisieren der Salze Halit [NaCl] und Nitronatrit [NaNO₃] die Schädigung von Baustein und Wandmalereien. Im Chor von Mussbach werden Wandmalereien durch Temperatur-bedingtes Kristallisieren des Salzes Nitrokalit [KNO₃] beeinträchtigt. Im Grottensaal des Neuen Palais in Potsdam verwittern einzelne Oberflächen durch klimagesteuerte Umwandlung (Hydratbildung) des Salzsystems Thenardit [Na₂SO₄] und Mirabilit [Na₂SO₄^.10 H₂O]. Das Wissen um die an einem Bauwerk vor sich gehenden Verwitterungsprozesse ist die Grundvoraussetzung für die Entwicklung eines angemessenen Konservierungskonzeptes.

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34. Vogt.etal 2005
    

    Autor	R. Vogt1, R. Kriegel1
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	ntersuchungen zum Salztransport und zum kritischen Porenfüllungsgrad der Salzimmobilisierung in Bauwerkstoffen
    Bibtex	[Vogt.etal:2005]Titel: Untersuchungen zum Salztransport und zum kritischen Porenfüllungsgrad der Salzimmobilisierung in Bauwerkstoffen Autor / Verfasser: Vogt, R.; Kriegel, R.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 3, 129-140 (2005).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 3, 129–140 (2005)

    
    

    1. Bauchemie, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Weimar, Germany
       
       

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    Abstract

    Es wurde der gekoppelte Feuchte- und Salztransport in kapillarporösen Baustoffen untersucht. Schwerpunkt war die Bestimmung des kritischen Porenfüllungsgrades, unterhalb dessen der Salztransport zum Erliegen kommt. Dazu wurden Trocknungsexperimente mit verschiedenen Baustoffen und Salzlösungen unter speziellen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass der kritische Porenfüllungsgrad der Salzimmobilisierung vom Material und von der Salzart abhängt, er lag für die untersuchten Materialien und Salze zwischen 10 und 69 Vol.-% der Feuchtesättigung. Bei Materialien mit hoher Kapillarleitfähigkeit und kleinem Dampfdiffusionswiderstand sowie für Na₂SO4, NaCl, KCl und KNO₃ wurden die kleinsten kritischen Porenfüllungsgrade festgestellt. Für die Salze K₂SO₄, MgSO₄ und Ca(NO₃)₂ resultierten hingegen relativ große kritische Porenfüllungsgrade. Für Simulationsrechnungen wurde bisher i. d. R. bis herab zu sehr geringen Feuchtegehalten ein Salztransport berücksichtigt. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen belegen jedoch, dass bereits bei mittleren Feuchtegehalten bzw. Porenfüllungsgraden von 10 - 70 Vol-% der Salztransport vollständig zum Erliegen kommt. Eine realitätsnahe Simulation des gekoppelten Salz- und Feuchtetransports muss dies demnach im Berechnungsmodell berücksichtigen.

    Coupled water and salt transport in capillary porous building materials has been investigated. Emphasis has been placed on the determination of the critical degree of saturation of pores. At water content below this critical degree of saturation of the porous system transport of salts is stopped. Drying experiments have been carried out under well defined conditions including different building materials and salt solutions. It was found that the critical degree of saturation of pores which controls immobilization of salt transport depends on the building material and the type of salt. Values found with the materials and salts investigated here, were between 10 and 69 Vol. % of the moisture saturation. Smallest values of the degree of saturation of pores have been observed on materials having high capillary conductivity and small vapour diffusion resistance and for the following salts: Na₂SO₄, NaCl, KCl, and KNO₃. In contrast comparatively high values of the degree of saturation of pores have been observed with the following salts: K₂SO₄, MgSO₄, and Ca(NO₃)₂. In calculations simulating the coupled water and salt transport has been taken into consideration down to very low moisture content in general. Results presented in this contribution, however, underline the fact that salt transport is stopped completely at moderate values of degree of saturation of pores ranging from 10 to 70 %. In order to obtain more realistic results this fact has to be taken into consideration in the future by simulation models for prediction of coupled water and salt transport.

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35. Verges-Belmin.etal 2005
    

    Autor	Veronique Vergès-Belmin1,Heiner Siedel2
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	esalination of Masonries and Monumental Sculptures by Poulticing: A Review
    Bibtex	[Verges-Belmin.etal:2005]Titel: Desalination of masonries and monumental sculptures by poulticing: a review Autor / Verfasser: Vergès-Belmin, Veronique; Siedel, Heiner
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 391-408 (2005)-Verges-Belmin.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 6, 391–408 (2005)

    
    

    1. Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques, Champs sur Marne, France
    2. Institut für Geotechnik, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
       
       

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    Abstract

    Desalination by poulticing, i.e. extraction of soluble salts through the application of a moistened absorbing material on the surface of the object/masonry to be treated, often leads to questionable results although the method is very commonly used in architectural conservation. In the following paper a review of the various poultice desalination techniques is presented in order to determine where the gaps of knowledge occur and what further studies and experiments are needed to improve our knowledge in that field.

    Entsalzen mit Hilfe von Kompressen, das heißt das Auslaugen von in Wasser löslichen Salzen durch Anbringen von durchfeuchtetem absorbierendem Material an der Oberfläche eines zu behandelnden Objektes, wie zum Beispiel Mauerwerk, führt häufig zu fragwürdigen Ergebnissen, obwohl diese Methode oft beim Bauinstandsetzen verwendet wird. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die unterschiedlichen technischen Varianten der Kompressenentsalzung geboten. Dabei wird gezeigt, wo es noch Wissenslücken gibt und welche Untersuchungen und Versuche notwendig sind, um unsere Kenntnisse auf diesem Gebiet zu vertiefen.

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36. Charola.etal 2005
    

    Autor	A. E. Charola1, J. Pühringer2
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	Salts in the Deterioration of Porous Materials: A Call for the Right Questions
    Bibtex	[Charola.etal:2005]Titel: Salts in the Deterioration of Porous Materials:A Call for the Right Questions Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A. E.; Pühringer, J.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 433-442 (2005)-Charola.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 6, 433–442 (2005)

    
    1.Scientific Consultant in Conservation, Philadelphia, USA
    2. Consultant, former project manager Swedish Building Industry, Stockholm-Täby, Sweden
    
    

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    Es wurden keine Zitate im Artikel gefunden.

    Keywords

    Abstract

    On the basis of recent literature surveys and publications a brief review of the issues involved in the deterioration of porous inorganic materials induced by the presence of salt is discussed. Starting with the dissolution of salts in water to form solutions, it is pointed out that many questions need to be answered to understand their behaviour. This is followed by the behaviour of these solutions within the porous material. It is highlighted that the damage is not due to a single “salt crystallization” mechanism but that several mechanisms can be operative, such as the formation of salt-films and the resulting stresses they induce in the substrate or the wedge action exerted by growing crystals in fissures. A hypothesis for the origin of the induced damage is forwarded based on the stresses induced by hygrothermic changes on salt-films, their action on the substrate and the difference in moisture absorption with areas not covered by these films. Finally, suggestions are made regarding further research, in particular for the pore-range location of salts within a given porous material and for different materials.

    Auf der Basis kürzlich erschienener Literaturübersichten und Veröffentlichungen werden wesentliche Aspekte, die bei der Zerstörung poröser inorganischer Werkstoffe im Beisein von Salzen eine Rolle spielen, diskutiert. Zunächst wird am Beispiel der Auflösung von Salzen in Wasser und der Bildung von Salzlösungen gezeigt, dass noch viele Fragen beantwortet werden müssen, bevor wir die Vorgänge wirklich verstehen. Danach wird das Verhalten dieser Salzlösungen im porösen Gefüge behandelt. Es wird besonders heraus gestellt, dass der Schaden nicht von einem einzigen Mechanismus, etwa der „Salzkristallisation“, verursacht wird, sondern dass vielmehr mehrere Mechanismen zusammen wirken können, wie etwa die Bildung von Salzfilmen und die daraus resultierenden Spannungen, die dabei im Untergrund entstehen, oder die Keilwirkung, die durch wachsende Kristalle in Rissen zustande kommt. Eine Hypothese zur Erklärung der Ursache des entstehenden Schadens wird vorgeschlagen. Diese Hypothese basiert auf den Spannungen, die durch hygro-thermische Änderungen der Salzfilme entstehen. Die Wechselwirkung der Salzfilme mit dem Untergrund und der Unterschied zwischen deren Feuchtigkeitsabsorption im Vergleich mit der Absorption der nicht mit Salzfilmen bedeckten Stellen werden auch berücksichtigt. Schließlich werden Vorschläge hinsichtlich weiterer Forschungsprojekte unterbreitet. Insbesondere sollte der Porenbereich eines porösen Werkstoffes, in dem sich Salze ablagern, näher untersucht werden und es sollten unterschiedliche Werkstoffe einbezogen werden.

    
    

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37. Blaeuer-Boehm 2005
    

    Autor	Christine Bläuer-Böhm1
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	Quantitative Salt Analysis in Conservation of Buildings
    Bibtex	[Blaeuer-Boehm:2005]Titel: Quantitative Salt Analysis in Conservation of Buildings Autor / Verfasser: Bläuer-Böhm, Christine
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 409-418 (2005)-Blauer-Boehm.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 6, 409–418 (2005)

    
    1. CSC Sàrl, Rue de l'Industrie 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, csc@conservation-science.ch
    
    

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    Es wurden keine Zitate im Artikel gefunden.

    
    

    Keywords

    Abstract

    For the conservation of monuments, quantitative analyses of salts in the original materials help to predict their destructive behaviour and to estimate the least harmful environmental conditions for preventive conservation of the object in question. Salt analyses can also be used to monitor the results of salt reduction treatments or to compare diverse methods of conservation treatment. Further it can be necessary to test new building or conservation materials for their soluble salt content and hence their suitability for use in historical monuments. The analytical procedure consists of three steps: sampling, actual analysis and interpretation of data. It will be more or less complicated depending on the materials considered and needs to be adapted to the specific case. The paper discusses frequently encountered questions regarding salt analysis in the context of historical monuments preservation. The types of materials that are often tested for their salt content are historical mortars, stones, repair mortars and materials used to extract salts from salt loaded original materials, such as poultices. A definition of these different material types and their sub-groups is given from the point of view of salt analysis, the questions asked regarding the different groups of materials are elaborated, sampling strategies and analytical procedures are discussed and finally some hints towards the possible interpretations and their difficulties are given. Special emphasis is put on the water extraction method as this seems to be the by the far most frequently used method for quantitative salt analysis.

    Im Kontext der Konservierung von historischen Bauten helfen quantitative Salzanalysen an Originalmaterialien zu verstehen und vorauszusagen, wie diese Materialien verwittern werden, sowie abzuschätzen, welche Umgebungsbedingungen bezüglich präventiver Konservierung den wertvollen Objekten am zuträglichsten sind. Salzanalysen können auch dazu dienen, die Ergebnisse von Behandlungen zur Salzreduktion zu überwachen oder unterschiedliche Konservierungsmethoden zu überprüfen. Weiter kann es nötig sein, Bauoder Konservierungsmaterialien auf ihren Salzgehalt und damit ihre Tauglichkeit für den Gebrauch an historischen Bauten zu überprüfen. Der Analysegang, bestehend aus den drei Schritten Probenahme, eigentliche Analyse und Interpretation, wird mehr oder weniger kompliziert, je nach den zu testenden Materialien und er wird dem individuellen Zweck der Analyse angepasst werden müssen. In diesem Beitrag werden die bezüglich Salzanalysen im Zusammenhang mit historischen Bauten am häufigsten angetroffenen Fragestellungen diskutiert. Die Materialarten, welche häufig auf ihren Salzgehalt überprüft werden, sind historische Mörtel, Steine, Reparaturmörtel und Entsalzungsmaterialien, wie Kompressen. Es werden Definitionen dieser Materialgruppen und ihrer Untergruppen aus der Sicht der Salzanalyse gegeben, die Fragestellungen bezüglich dieser unterschiedlichen Materialgruppen werden näher ausgeführt, Probenahmestrategien und analytische Vorgehensweisen werden diskutiert und schliesslich werden einige Hinweise für mögliche Interpretationen und ihre Schwierigkeiten gegeben. Spezielles Gewicht wird dabei der Analyse mittels eines wässerigen Auszugs gegeben, da dies die am weitaus häufigsten angewandte Methode für die quantitative Salzanalyse zu sein scheint.

    
    

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38. Steiger 2005c
    

    Autor	Michael Steiger
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation
    Bibtex	[Steiger:2005c]Titel: Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 419-432 (2005)-Steiger.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, 11, 6, pp. 419-432 (2005)

    
    

    1. Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
       
       

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    The thermodynamics of phase equilibria of salts in porous materials is discussed including all relevant phase transition reactions such as crystallization - dissolution, hydration - dehydration, and the freeze-thaw equilibrium of water. The treatment of binary systems, i.e. only one salt and water, yields binary phase diagrams that provide all information required for preventive conservation by environmental control. In the case of salt mixtures, a model approach is more appropriate to predict phase equilibria and safe ranges of environmental conditions. The properties of thermodynamic models are reviewed and several examples for the crystallization behaviour of mixed salt systems are provided. Finally, possible applications of thermodynamic models and their potential limits are discussed.

    Die Thermodynamik der relevanten Phasenübergänge von Salzen in porösen Materialien wird vorgestellt. Betrachtet werden Kristallisation und Lösung sowie Hydratation und Dehydratation von Salzen sowie das Gleichgewicht zwischen flüssigem Wasser und Eis. Die Behandlung binärer Systeme, also Mischungen von nur einem Salz mit Wasser, führen zu einfachen Phasendiagrammen, die zur Vorhersage geeigneter klimatischer Bedingungen für die passive Konservierung herangezogen werden können. Bei Vorliegen von Salzgemischen ist es erforderlich, thermodynamische Modelle zur Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten und die Vorhersage des Kristallisationsverhaltens zu verwenden. Die Eigenschaften solcher Modelle werden kurz vorgestellt und zur beispielhaften Berechnung des Kristallisationsverhaltens einiger gemischter Salzsysteme verwendet. Schließlich werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen thermodynamischer Modelle diskutiert.

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39. Charola.etal 2001
    

    Autor	A. Elena Charola1, Sara Nunberg2, Joshua Freedland3
    Jahr	2001
    Titel	Salts in Ceramic Bodies I: Introducing Salts into Ceramics
    Bibtex	[Charola.etal:2001]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies I: Introducing Salts into Ceramics Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A. Elena; Nunberg, Freedland, Sara; Joshua
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 7, No. 2, 117-130 (2001).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege, 7. Jahrgang, Heft 2, 117–130 (2001)

    
    1. Scientific Consultant in Conservation, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    2. Private Conservator, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
    3. Graduate Program in Historic Preservation, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, USA
    
    

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    An experimental study was designed to introduce known amounts of soluble salts into ceramic tiles, evaluate the effect these salts have on the ceramic when cycled over a limited range of RH, and eventually desalinate the tiles to quantitatively evaluate the different desalination procedures used. This first part of the study describes the ceramics used and the methodology followed to introduce salts into them. The soluble salts used were NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 and CaSO 4 .2H 2 O, and mixtures of the first with either of the other two. It was found that the method of drying the tiles significantly affected the amount of salt remaining in them and this was salt-specific. Reasons for this behavior are discussed.

    Um bekannte Mengen Salz in keramische Ziegel einzubringen, wurden entsprechende Versuche durchgeführt. Ziel der Studie ist es, den Einfluss, den diese Salze auf die Eigenschaften der keramischen Proben unter zyklischer Veränderung der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit in einem begrenzten Bereich haben, um schliesslich die Ziegel wieder zu entsalzen, um dadurch die unterschiedlichen verwendeten Methoden quantitativ beurteilen zu können. Im ersten Teil werden die Herstellung der keramischen Ziegel und die Methode, mit der Salze in diese Proben eingebracht werden, beschrieben. Die folgenden wasserlöslichen Salze wurden verwendet: NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 and CaSO 4 .2H 2 O. Ausserdem wurden Mischungen aus dem ersten mit dem zweiten und mit dem dritten der genannten Salze eingebracht. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Trocknungsmethode einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Menge Salz hat, die in den porösen Ziegeln zurückbleibt. Ausserdem hängt diese Menge noch von der Salzart ab. Die Ursachen für dieses Verhalten werden diskutiert.

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40. Lubelli.etal 2007
    

    Autor	B. Lubelli1, R.P.J. van Hees1,2
    Jahr	2007
    Titel	Salt Damage and RH Changes: The Case of the Waag Building in Amsterdam
    Bibtex	[Lubelli.etal:2007]Titel: Salt Damage and RH Changes: The Case of the Waag Building in Amsterdam Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hee, R.P.J.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 13, No. 4, 241-250 (2007).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 13, No. 4, 241–250 (2007)

    
    

    1. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
    2. TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands
       
       

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    Changes in the air RH can cause damage to building materials contaminated with hygroscopic salts, even in the absence of any other moisture source. This phenomenon has been observed in the case of the Waag building in Amsterdam, affected by severe salt decay. The investigation, carried out by means of different techniques (e.g. ESEM-EDX, IC and XRD), has revealed the presence in the masonry of a large amount of hygroscopic salts (mainly sodium chloride and nitrates) and the absence of any moisture sources other than the RH of the air. Besides, an adsorption experiment performed on samples from the building has pointed out the hygroscopic moisture uptake of the salt mix even at low RH. These results, in combination with a monitoring of the interior climate for a period of about 1 year, have allowed to conclude that the damage observed is due to the frequent RH changes through the equilibrium where dissolution/crystallization of the salt mix takes place. On the basis of these findings an advice for the conservation of the building was given.

    Wenn Werkstoffe des Bauwesens mit hygroskopischen Salzen belastet sind, können bereits Änderungen der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit Schäden verursachen; hierzu braucht es keinerlei andere Feuchtigkeitsquellen. Diese Erscheinung wurde in Amsterdam am Gebäude „de Waag“, an dem starke Salzschäden zu beobachten sind, untersucht. Mit Hilfe von Analysen mit unterschiedlichen Methoden, wie etwa ESEM-EDX, IC und XRD, konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich im Mauerwerk eine große Menge hygroskopischer Salze befindet, in der Hauptsache Natriumchlorid und Nitrate, und dass als Feuchtigkeitsquelle ausschließlich die Feuchtigkeit der umgebenden Luft in Frage kommt. Außerdem ergaben Versuche zur Adsorption, die an Proben aus eben diesem Gebäude durchgeführt wurden, dass durch die Salzmischung bereits bei niedrigen relativen Feuchtigkeiten hygroskopisch Wasser aufgenommen wird. Diese Ergebnisse, in Verbindung mit der Beobachtung des Innenklimas über einen Zeitraum von etwa einem Jahr, erlauben es uns zu folgern, dass der zu beobachtende Schaden durch häufige Wechsel der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit hervorgerufen wird. Im Gleichgewicht mit der umgebenden relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit finden abwechselnd Lösen und Kristallisieren der Salze statt. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse, wurde eine Empfehlung für die Konservierung dieses Gebäudes erstellt

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41. Kamh.etal 2008
    

    Autor	G. M. E. Kamh1, R. Azzam2
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Field and Laboratory Investigations to Examine the Damage Category of Monumental Sandstone in Arid Regions: Seti I Temple, Upper Egypt; a Case Study
    Bibtex	[Kamh.etal:2008]Titel: Field and Laboratory Investigations to Examine the Damage Category of Monumental Sandstone in Arid Regions: Seti I Temple, Upper Egypt; a Case Study Autor / Verfasser: Kamh, G. M. E.; Azzam, R.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 14, No. 3, 179-196 (2008).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 14, No. 3, 179–196 (2008)

    
    1. Geology Dept., Fac. of Science, Menoufiya University, Egypt
    2. Geology and Hydrogeology, LIH, RWTH, Aachen University, Germany
    
    

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    Weathering acts with different intensities and rates on natural and artificial stones based on the dominant environmental conditions at a given area on one hand, limits of geotechnical parameters and durability of a given rock on the other hand. Recently, the environmental conditions became aggressive resulting in a severe damage to one of the most valuable and economic sectors at any country “the archaeological sites with its engraves and paintings”. El-Silsila sandstone is the most commonly used rock for building (in the past) and restoration (recently) of many archaeological sites in Egypt. This paper aims to determine damage category of construction sandstone at arid regions taking Seti I Temple at Qurna “Upper Egypt” that had been built from the Upper Cretaceous sandstone of El-Silsila quarries as a case study; also, it aims to find out if a detailed field investigations, measuring dimensions of all weathering forms and field data processing using linear and progressive damage indices equations can in a semi-quantitative form verify the same damage category that can be quantitatively determined using a detailed laboratory analyses or not. Detailed measurements of weathering forms’ dimensions had been conducted and processed graphically and mathematically. Laboratory analyses including petrographic investigation, hydrochemical analysis and geotechnical investigations had been conducted for the rock samples collected from the study area. Both of field and laboratory investigations revealed that Seti I Temple has severe to very severe damage category as a whole site, also it revealed that salt weathering severely affect on the lower courses of this site. In addition, it has been proved that detailed field study and its data processing can to a great extent replace the laboratory investigations that require rock sampling that might be im-permissible at some cases.

    Verwitterunung unterschiedlicher Intensitäten von natürlichem oder künstlichen Stein hängt einerseits von den vorherrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen an einem gegebenen Ort ab und andererseits von Grenzwerten der geotechnischen Eigenschaften und der Beständigkeit eines vorliegenden Steins. In jüngster Zeit wurden die Umweltbedingungen aggressiver. Das führt zu erheblichen Schäden auf einem besonders wertvollen und auch ökonomisch bedeutenden Gebiet, nämlich die archäologischen Stätten mit ihren Skulpturen und Malereien. El-Silsila Sandstein ist der am häufigsten verwendete Naturstein für den Bau (in der Vergangenheit) und das Instandsetzen von vielen archäologischen Stätten in Ägypten. In diesem Beitrag soll die Kategorie der Schädigung von Sandstein im Bauwesen in trockenem Klima als Fallstudie am Beispiel des Seti I Tempels in Qurna, in Oberägypten, behandelt werden. Dieser Sandstein kommt vom oberen cretazischen Sandstein der El-Silsila Steinbrüche. Gleichzeitig soll mit diesem Beitrag festgestellt werden, ob mit einer detaillierten Untersuchung vor Ort, bei der das Ausmaß jeder Form der Verwitterung sowie die Auswertung der Messwerte mit Hilfe von linearen und progressiven Schadensindices herangezogen werden, halbquantitativ dieselbe Schadenskategorie bestätigt werden kann, die man aufgrund von Laboruntersuchungen quantitativ bestimmt hat. Ins Einzelne gehende Messungen des Ausmaßes der Verwitterungsformen wurden durchgeführt and graphisch sowie mathematisch ausgewertet. Analysen im Labor wie etwa petrographische Bestimmungen, hydrochemische Analyse und geotechnische Untersuchungen wurden an Steinproben von der zu untersuchenden Stelle durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen vor Ort sowie die Analysen im Labor erbrachten dasselbe Resultat, die gesamte Grabungsstätte des Seti I Tempels fällt in die Kategorie starke bis sehr starke Schädigung. Es stellte sich außerdem heraus, dass insbesondere die tiefer liegenden Teile der Stätte von Salzschäden betroffen sind. Schließlich konnte festgestellt werden, dass Felduntersuchungen und deren Auswertung Laboruntersuchungen zu denen Probenentnahmen notwendig sind, die aber in einigen Fällen nicht vertretbar erscheinen, weitgehend ersetzt werden können.

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42. Poupeleer.etal 2003
    

    Autor	A. S. Poupeleer1, J. Carmeliet1,2, S. Roels1, D. Van Gemert3
    Jahr	2003
    Titel	Validation of the Salt Diffusion Coefficient in Porous Materials
    Bibtex	[Poupeleer.etal:2003]Titel: Validation of the Salt Diffusion Coefficient in Porous Materials Autor / Verfasser: Poupeleer, A. S.; Carmeliet, J.; Roels, S.; Gemert, D. Van
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 9, No. 6, 663-682 (2003).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: International Journal for Restoration of Buildings and Monuments Vol. 9, No 6, 663–682 (2003)

    
    

    1. Laboratory of building physics, Department of civil engineering, K.U.Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
    2. Department of physical aspects of the building environment, Faculty of civil engineering, T.U.Eindhoven, Nederland
    3. Reyntjens Laboratory of building materials, Department of civil engineering, K.U.Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
       
       

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    The durability of porous building materials largely depends on the transport of liquids and dissolved salts into the material. When the moisture dries out, salts will crystallise introducing important forces in the solid matrix of the porous material. These interaction forces may result in cracking of the material. To study the salt degradation of porous building materials it is necessary to analyse in detail salt transport in (cracked) porous material. In general, salt transport modelling includes different processes: diffusive and convective salt transport, ion adsorption at the pore walls, salt crystallisation and dissolution. In this paper, we analyse in detail the experimental determination of the salt diffusion coefficient of Na₂SO₄ in fully water saturated ceramic brick by using a natural diffusion test. The diffusion coefficient is assumed to depend on the salt concentration. However, it appears that a rotational convective flow gives rise to a three dimensional combined diffusion convection transport.

    Die Beständigkeit poröser Werkstoffe des Bauwesens hängt weitgehend vom Transport von Flüssigkeiten und darin gelösten Salzen in den Werkstoff hinein ab. Wenn ein Werkstoff wieder austrocknet, kristallisieren Salze im porösen Gefüge aus. Dieser Vorgang kann im Feststoffgerüst bedeutende Kräfte hervor rufen. Die Wechselwirkung mit diesen Kräften kann zur Rissbildung im Werkstoff führen. Um die zerstörende Wirkung von Salzen in porösen Werkstoffen des Bauwesens untersuchen zu können, ist es notwendig, den Salztransport in (gerissenen) Werkstoffen in seinen Einzelheiten zu analysieren. Im allgemeinen werden beim Modellieren des Salztransportes unterschiedliche Prozesse berücksichtigt: diffusiver und konvektiver Salztransport, Ionenadsorption auf den Wänden der Poren, Kristallisieren und Auflösen von Salzen. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir Ergebnisse von Versuchen zur Bestimmung des Koeffizienten der Salzdiffusion von Na₂SO₄ in vollständig wassergesättigten Proben aus gebranntem Ziegelstein unter Verwendung einer natürlichen Diffusionszelle. Es wird dabei angenommen, dass der Diffusionskoeffizient von der Salzkonzentration abhängt. Es stellt sich jedoch heraus, dass rotierendes konvektives Fließen zu einem dreidimensionalen kombinierten Transport mit diffusiven und konvektiven Anteilen führt.

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43. Charola.etal 2001a
    

    Autor	A.Elena Charola1, Joshua Freedland1 , S.A. Centeno2
    Jahr
    Titel	Salts in Ceramic Bodies IV: Considerations on Desalination
    Bibtex	[Charola.etal:2001a]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies IV: Considerations on Desalination Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A.Elena; Freedland, Joshua; Centeno, S.A.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 7, No. 2, 161-174 (2001).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege, 7. Jahrgang, Heft 2, 161–174 (2001)

    
    1. Graduate Program in Historic Preservation, GSFA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
    2. The Sherman Fairchild Center for Objects Conservation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA
    
    

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    Several factors that affect the efficiency of salt(s) removal from ceramic materials during desalination treatments were investigated. The results show that before a suitable desalination method is chosen, the role of the porosity of the material, the solubility of the contaminating salt(s), the kinetics of the dissolution process and the mobility of the ions have to be evaluated. A method to calculate the maximum amount of salt remaining in the object after repeated washings, based on the amount of salt extracted, is presented in order to address the fundamental question of defining an acceptable salt content for long term conservation.

    Mehrere Faktoren, die die Wirksamkeit der Verfahren zur Entfernung von Salzen aus porösen keramischen Werkstoffen beeinflussen, wurden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass vor der Wahl eines Verfahrens zum Entsalzen der Einfluss der Porosität eines neuen Werkstoffes, die Löslichkeit der zu entfernenden Salze, die Kinetik des Lösungsvoganges und die Innenbeweglichkeit bestimmt werden müssen. Eine Methode zur Berechnung des maximalen Salzgehaltes, der nach 162 mehrmaligem Waschen in einer Probe zurückbleibt, wird vorgeschlagen. Die Berechnung geht von der Menge Salz aus, die entfernt wurde. Damit wird die grundsätzliche Frage aufgeworfen, wie ein annehmbarer Salzgehalt für eine lange Aufbewahrung festzulegen sei.

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44. Freedland.etal 2001
    

    Autor	Joshua Freedland1, A.Elena Charola1
    Jahr	2001
    Titel	Salts in Ceramic Bodies III: An Experimental Study on Desalination
    Bibtex	[Freedland.etal:2001]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies III: An Experimental Study on Desalination Autor / Verfasser: Freedland, Joshua; Charola, A. Elena
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 7, No. 2, 147-160 (2001).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege 7. Jahrgang, Heft 2, 147–160 (2001)

    
    1. Graduate Program in Historic Preservation, GSFA, University of Pennsylvania, USA
    
    

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    This study evaluates the efficiency of various immersion methods in the removal of soluble salts previously introduced into ceramic tiles. Two types of ceramic bodies were tested to evaluate the effect of porosity on the desalination procedure: earthenware and stoneware tiles prepared ad-hoc for this study. The desalination methods compare long-term immersion, repeated washings by total immersion and intermittent washings that included a partial drying period between successive washings. While the last two methods were more effective in removing more soluble salts, such as NaCl, long-term immersion appears to be more efficient for less soluble salts such as CaSO₄^.2H2O, or even Na₂SO₄ in the case of lower porosity ceramics.

    In dieser Arbeit wird die Wirksamkeit einiger unterschiedlicher Immersionsmethoden für die Entfernung von früher eingebrachten Salzen aus porösen keramischen Ziegeln untersucht. Zwei Arten keramischer Werkstoffe wurden geprägt, um den Enfluss der Porosität auf das Entsalzen untersuchen zu können: Steinzeug- und Steingutziegel, die speziell für dieses Projekt hergestellt wurden. Für das Entzsalzen wurden die folgenden Varianten verglichen: langzeitiges Eintauchen, wieder holtes Waschen durch vollständiges Eintauchen und wiederholtes Eintauchen mit dazwischenliegenden Perioden zum teilweisen Austrocknen. Die zwei letztgenannten Varianten waren leistungsfähiger, wenn es sich um den Austrag gut löslicher Salze wie CaCl handelt. Das langzeitige Eintauchen ist dagegen wirksamer für das Entfernen weniger löslicher Salze wie CaSO₄^.2H₂O oder sogar Na₂SO₄ im Falle der keramischen Proben mit geringer Porosität.

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45. Leitner 2005
    

    Autor	H. Leitner1
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	The Treatment of Wall Paintings affected by Salts: An Interdisciplinary Task as seen from a Conservator’s Perspective.
    Bibtex	[Leitner:2005]Titel: The Treatment of Wall Paintings affected by Salts: An Interdisciplinary Task as seen from a Conservator's Perspective Autor / Verfasser: Leitner, Hans
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 365-380 (2005)-Leitner.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 6, 365–380 (2005)

    
    

    1. Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden, Germany
       
       

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

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    Keywords

    Abstract

    The interdisciplinary collaboration and implications between scientist, scientist in conservation and conservator is focused from the point of view of the conservator, facing conservation problems in the field of salt damaged wall paintings. Two case studies, the outdoor paintings of the castle of Parz of the late 16th century and the Romanesque wall painting cycle of St. Georgen, are discussed in the context of conservation history of the last two decades. The façade paintings of Parz, covering more than 600 m², were threatened by severe degradation due to sulfatation and weathering. The application of the Florentine method using ammoniumcarbonate and bariumhydroxide gave reasonable good results in cleaning and consolidation. This treatment was the first step to introduce this method to wall paintings conservation, outside of Italy. The indoor paintings of St. Georgen of Judenburg represents one of the main important discovery of wall paintings of the 13th century in Austria in the last two decades. The paintings were threatened crystallization of various salts, due to rising damp, water infiltration and salt containing building materials, resulting in a solution of soluble salts that could be defined as a real “explosive cocktail”. The impact of the application of several conservation treatments, like the introduction of a drainage system, elimination of cement plasters, extraction of soluble salts by paper pulp compresses, and the use of ion-exchange systems by ion exchange resins, ammoniumcarbonate and barium hydroxide is discussed. First steps done in 1988 based on empirical experiences were followed by a period of scientific research, resulting finally in the application of a stabilization treatment. After eight years the situation is still stable and can be seen as a basis for a continuous maintenance program.

    Die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und Verquickung zwischen Naturwissenschaftler, Naturwissenschaftler in der Konservierung und Restaurator wird aus der Sicht des Restaurators, der sich mit Problemstellungen der Erhaltung bzw. Konservierung von salzbelasteter Wandmalerei befasst, dargestellt. Zwei Fallstudien, die Außenwandmalereien von Schloß Parz in Oberösterreich aus dem späten 16. Jahrhundert und der romanische Wandmalereizyklus von St. Georgen ob Judenburg (um 1240) in der Steiermark werden im Kontext ihrer Restauriergeschichte der letzten zwei Dekaden besprochen. Die Fassadenmalereien von Parz, welche eine Fläche von über 600 m² bedecken, waren durch schwerwiegende Zerstörungsmechanismen, in Zusammenhang mit Bewitterung und Vergipsung gefährdet. Die Anwendung der in Florenz entwickelten Techniken – Methoden, mit Ammoniumcarbonat und Bariumhydroxid führten zu ermutigenden Ergebnissen in Fragen der Reinigung und Festigung, die erste großflächige Anwendung dieser Technik außerhalb Italiens. Der Wandmalereizyklus im Chorturm der romanischen Pfarrkirche von St. Georgen ob Judenburg zählt zu den bedeutendsten mittelalterlichen Wandmalereifunden der letzten Jahrzehnte in Österreich. Die Malereien waren durch Salzkristallisation, in Zusammenhang mit aufsteigender Feuchte, Wasser Infiltration und salzbelasteten Baustoffen, die ein gleichsam explosives Gemisch ergaben, extrem gefährdet. Die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Maßnahmen, wie die Einbringung eines Drainagesystems, die Entfernung von zementhaltigen Beschichtungen, bzw. Ausbesserungen, die Extraktion löslicher Salze, sowie die Verwendung von Ionenaustauschsystemen, wie Ionenaustauschharzen, Ammoniumcarbonat und Bariumhydroxid wird dabei diskutiert. Erste Maßnahmen im Jahre 1988 fußten noch auf empirischen Versuchen, welche durch eine wissenschaftliche Erforschung abgelöst wurden, die schließlich in eine effiziente Sicherungsmaßnahme mündete (Verklebung und Festigung). Nach nun über acht Jahren ist die aktuelle Situation weiterhin als stabil einzustufen und kann als Grundlage für ein kontinuierliches Pflegeprogramm angesehen werden.

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46. Lubelli.etal 2005
    

    Autor	B. Lubelli1,2, R.P.J. van Hees1,2, J. Larbi1
    Jahr	2005
    Titel	Influence of Brick Properties on Salt Crystallization Damage
    Bibtex	[Lubelli.etal:2005]Titel: Influence of Brick Properties on Salt Crystallization Damage Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.; Larbi, J.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 2, 87-96 (2005).pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege Vol. 11, No 2, 87–96 (2005)

    
    

    1. TNO Building and Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands
    2. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
       
       

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    Abstract

    The quality of the materials constituting masonry has a major influence on the type and seriousness of the damage that can occur due to salt crystallization. In the case of brick, the composition of the original clay, together with the production process, determine the quality of the final product and its eventual susceptibility to salt decay. The paper describes a case study where different bricks, exposed to the same environmental conditions, show a considerable difference in their resistance to deterioration by salt crystallization. Using the condition survey of the church tower in Oostkapelle, the possible relation between the damage and the physical and chemical properties of the bricks was investigated. Bricks showing very serious damage (orange bricks) as well as bricks showing no damage (purple bricks) were sampled and characterized mainly by polarization and fluorescence microscopy. The type and the quantity of salts present in the different bricks were also investigated. The observed damage was evaluated in the light of the results obtained from the analysis performed and a relation between the quality of the original material and the firing conditions of the brick to its susceptibility to salt decay could be drawn.

    Die Qualität der Bestandteile eines Mauerwerks hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf Art und Ausmaß des Schadens, der durch Kristallisation von Salzen hervorgerufen werden kann. Im Falle eines Ziegels aus gebranntem Ton bestimmen die mineralogische Zusammensetzung des verwendeten Tons und der Herstellungsprozess die Qualität des Endproduktes und seine Empfindlichkeit gegen zerstörende Salzeinwirkung. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Fallstudie beschrieben. Dabei wurden unterschiedliche Ziegelsteine ein und denselben Umgebungsbedingungen ausgesetzt. Sie zeigten ein stark unterschiedliches Verhalten bezüglich der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Zerstörung durch Kristallisation von Salzen. Eine Zustandsüberprüfung des Kirchturms in Oostkapelle (Niederlande) wurde dazu benutzt einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem aufgetretenen Schaden und den physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des Ziegels zu untersuchen. Ziegel, die starke Schäden aufwiesen (orangefarben) einerseits und Ziegel, die unbeschädigt blieben (dunkelrot) andererseits wurden entnommen, um sie in erster Linie mit Hilfe der Polarisations- und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie charakterisieren zu können. Die Art und die Menge der Salze in den unterschiedlichen Ziegeln wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Der beobachtete Schaden wurde auf der Basis der mit Hilfe dieser Analysen gefundenen Ergebnisse interpretiert. Es gelang eine Beziehung zwischen dem Rohmaterial und den Bedingungen beim Brennen der Ziegel mit deren Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Salzeinwirkung herzustellen.

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47. CryspomII:2010
    

    Autor	Jan Carmeliet, Rosa M. Espinoza-Marzal, Noushine Shahidzadeh-Bonn (Hg.)
    Jahr	2010
    Titel	Cryspom II Abstracts
    Bibtex	[CryspomII:2010]Titel: Workshop CRYSPOM II, Crystallisation in Porous Media Autor / Verfasser: Carmeliet , Jan; Espinoza-Marza, Rosa M. l; Shahidzadeh-Bonn, Noushine
    DOI
    Link	Datei:Cryspom II Abstracts.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Workshop CRYSPOM II, Crystallisation in Porous Media. Brienz, Schweiz, 15.-18.Juni 2010, pp. 45

    
    

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    Abstract

    CrysPom focuses on fundamental understanding of crystallization in porous materials and the resulting damage mechanism. Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal growth, material damage by crystallization and failure, salt mixtures, experimental techniques to study crystallization and models such as poromechanics or pore‐level models are some of the topics that are presented in CRYSPOM II. By understanding better the chemomechanics of in‐pore salt crystallization, more reliable protection of our buildings against salt weathering will become possible.

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48. Schwarz.etal 2009
    

    Autor	Hans-Jürgen Schwarz1, Michael Steiger2(Hg.)
    Jahr	2009
    Titel	Salzschäden an Kulturgütern. Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite.
    Bibtex	[Schwarz.etal:2009]Titel: Salzschäden an Kulturgütern: Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/epublication/7
    Link	Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Salz-2008.pdf
    Bemerkungen

    
    

    1. Ri-Con/Research in Conservation, Hannover
    2. Universität Hamburg, Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie
       
       

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49. Blaeuer.etal 2009
    

    Autor	Christine Bläuer1, Bénédicte Rousset1
    Jahr	2009
    Titel	Attempt to use a microwave moisture mapping system (MOIST 200B) to control and monitor the water uptake of stones in the frame of cultural heritage conservation
    Bibtex	[Blaeuer.etal:2009]Titel: Attempt to use a microwave moisture mapping system (MOIST 200B) to control and monitor the water uptake of stones in the frame of cultural heritage conservation Autor / Verfasser: Bläuer, Chistine; Rousset, Bénédicte
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:BlaeuerRoussetAmpere2009 pagine.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Microwave and High Frequency Heating AMPERE 2009, 7-10 September, Karlsruhe, Germany, 29-32 (2009)

    
    1. CSC Sàrl, Rue de l'Industrie 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, csc@conservation-science.ch
    
    

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50. Juling.etal 2006
    

    Autor	Herbert Juling1, Gerd Gülker2, Akram El Jarad2, Stefan Brüggerhoff3, Dirk Kirchner3, Kirsten Linnow4, Michael Steiger4
    Jahr	2006
    Titel	Verhalten von Salzen in porösen Systemen
    Bibtex	[Juling.etal:2006]Titel: Verhalten von Salzen in porösen Systemen Autor / Verfasser: Juling, Herbert; Gülker, Gerd; El Jarad, Akram; Brüggerhoff , Stefan; Kirchner, Dirk; Linnow, Kirsten; Steiger, Michael
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Salze im Porenraum.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Unveröffentlichter Abschlussbericht, DFG-Paketvorhaben, pp. 58

    
    1. Institut für Werkstofftechnik Bremen
    2. Fakultät V – Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
    3. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum
    4. Universität Hamburg, Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie
    
    

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51. Bionda 2006
    

    Autor	Davide Bionda
    Jahr	2006
    Titel	Modelling indoor climate and salt behaviour in historical buildings: A case study
    Bibtex	[Bionda:2006]Titel: Modelling indoor climate and salt behaviour in historical buildings: A case study, Diss. Nr. 16567 Autor / Verfasser: Bionda, Davide
    DOI	10.3929/ethz-a-005188136
    Link	URL: http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:28701
    Bemerkungen	Ph.D. Thesis

    
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    Abstract

    Indoor climate is a key factor determining the development of damage inside historical buildings. Processes like salt weathering are largely controlled by the temperature and the relativehumidity ofthe environment. In the present work hygrothermal simulations of the indoor climate of a church were performed with a novel hygric model used in combination with the HELIOS thermal code. The applicability of these models to a real, historical building was to be tested. The combination of HELIOS with the hygric model proved to be a viable method for hygrothermal simulations in historical buildings, provided that thermal simulations are as aecurate as possible. Considerations on the quality of the relevant building parameters required for modelling are provided. The applicability of indoor climate models to historical buildings provides the opportunity to use these tools to perform risk assessment and investigations of the climatic conditions over a period of many years, without having to rely on long-term in situ measurements. The behaviour of hygroscopic salts in relation to indoor climate was investigated. The principal salt species observed in the study building were mirabilite (Na₂SO₄-10H₂O), thenardite (Na₂S0₄), epsomite (MgS0₄-7H₂0), trona (Na₃H(C0₃)2-2H₂0)and niter (KN0₃). No other activity in response to climate fluctuations than the phase transition between mirabilite and thenardite was observed. The ECOS thermodynamic model, which predicts the behaviour of salt mixtures in relation to climate, was tested by comparing Simulationresults with the observations of salt species growing on plasters. Resultsare presented for plasterson which efflorescences of mirabilite,thenardite and epsomite were detected. Saturation indexes for the relevant soluble salt species in the pore Solutions were calculated. A correlation between efflorescences on the plasters and calculated Saturation indexes has been observed.

    Zusammenfassung Das Raumklima spielt eine sehr wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung von Schäden in historischen Gebäuden. Schadensprozesse wie Salzverwitterung sind stark durch die Temperatur und die relative Feuchte der Umgebung kontrolliert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Raumklima einer Kirche anhand eines neuen hygrischen Modells, welches mit dem thermischen Gebäudesimulationsprogramm HELIOS kombiniert wurde, simuliert. Ziel war es, die Anwendbarkeit dieser Modelle an realen, historischen Gebäuden zu testen. Die Kombination von HELIOS mit dem hygrischen Modell erwies sich als geeignet, um Raumklimasimulationen in historischen Gebäuden durchzuführen, unter der Voraussetzung, dass die thermischen Simulationen möglichst sorgfältig durchgeführt werden. Die für die Simulation relevanten Gebäudeparameter werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Die Anwendung von Raumklimamodellen in historischen Gebäuden bietet die Möglichkeit, Risikoabschätzungen und Untersuchungen des Raumklimas während mehrjähriger Perioden durchzuführen, ohne dabei auf Langzeitmessungen in situ angewiesen zu sein. Das Verhalten von hygroskopischen Salzen in Zusammenhang mit Raumklima wurde erforscht. Die wichtigsten, im untersuchten Gebäude beobachteten Salze waren Mirabilit (Na₂SO₄10H₂O), Thenardit (Na₂S0₄), Epsomit (MgS0₄-7H₂0), Trona (Na₃H(C0₃)2-2H₂0) und Nitrokalit (KNO₃). Die einzige festgestellte Salzaktivität in Zusammenhang mit den gemessenen Raumklimafluktuationen war die Phasenumwandlung zwischen Mirabilit und Thenardit. Das thermodynamische Modell ECOS, welches das Verhalten von Salzmischungen in Abhängigkeit vom Klima beschreibt, wurde getestet, indem die Ergebnisse der Simulationen mit den Beobachtungen der Salzspezies auf Verputzen verglichen wurden. Die entsprechenden Ergebnisse für Verputze mit Ausblühungen von Mirabilit, Thenardit und Epsomit werden dargestellt. Die Sättigungsindices der relevanten Salzspezies in Porenlösungen wurden berechnet. Eine Korrelation zwischen Salzausblühungen auf Verputzen und den berechneten Sättigungsindices wurde festgestellt.

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52. Linnow 2007
    

    Autor	Kirsten Linnow
    Jahr	2007
    Titel	Salt damage in porous materials: An RH-XRD investigation
    Bibtex	[Linnow:2007]Titel: Salt damage in porous materials: An RH XRD investigation Autor / Verfasser: Linnow, Kirsten
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: http://www.chemie.uni-hamburg.de/bibliothek/2007/DissertationLinnow.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Dissertation, Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chenmie, Universität Hamburg, 174 Seiten.

    
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53. Diekamp.etal 2008
    

    Autor	Anja Diekamp 1, Jürgen Konzett 1, Waltraut Wertl 1, Richard Tessadri 1, Peter W. Mirwald 1
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Dolomitic Lime Mortar - A commonly used Building Material for Medieval Buildings in Western Austria and Northern Italy
    Bibtex	[Diekamp.etal:2008]Titel: Dolomitic Lime Mortar - A commonly used Building Material for Medieval Buildings in Western Austria and Northern Italy Autor / Verfasser: Diekamp, Anja; Konzett, Jürgen; Wertl, Waltraut; Tessadri, Richard; Mirwald, Peter W.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Diekamp2008b Torun.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: J. W. Lukaszewicz & P. Niemcewicz (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 15–20 September 2008, Torun, Poland, Volume I, p. 597–604

    
    1. Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Austria
    
    

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    Keywords

    historic mortar, dolomitic lime, magnesium phases, hydromagnesite,magnesite, brucite.

    Abstract

    Plaster and mortar samples have been collected from buildings in Northern Tyrol/Austria and Southern Tyrol/Italy representing the periods from Romanesque to Baroque. The mineralogical composition and the textures of the binding material of these plasters and mortars were studied. One of the most important results is the discovery of dolomitic lime mortars at most localities investigated. Magnesite, hydromagnesite and brucite could be identified using a combination of XRD, DTA/TG, EMPA, Raman spectroscopy. In addition X-ray mapping and DTA/TG analysis indicate the presence of amorphous or poorly crystalline magnesium phases.

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54. Roerig-Dargaard 2008
    

    Autor	Inge Rörig-Dargaard
    Jahr	2008
    Titel	Preservation of murals with electrokinetic – with focus on desalination of single bricks
    Bibtex	[Roerig-Dargaard:2008]Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:Roerig-Dargaard Thesis.pdf
    Bemerkungen	Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 174 pp

    
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55. Auras.etal 2009
    
56. Cit:DeClercq.etal:2011
    

    Autor	De Clercq H.1, Jovanovic M., Hendrickx R., Herinckx S., Vanhellemont Y., Roels S., Steiger M., Linnow K.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Performance of limestone laden with sodium sulphate and sodium nitrate
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-De Clercq etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 203-210

    
    1. Royal Institut for Cultural Heritage, Belgium

    
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57. Cit:Badosa.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Badosa S.1, Beck K., Brunetaud X., Al-Mukhtar M.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	The role of gypsum in the phenomenon of spalling of stones
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Badosa etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 415

    
    1. Centre de Recherche sur la Matiere Divisee UMR 6619, 1 B rue da la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France

    
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58. Cit:Borges.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Paul Borges M.I.1, Simao J., Silva Z.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Artificial weathering of Portuguese granites exposed to salt atmosphere: variations of physico-mechanical properties
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Borges etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 241-248

    
    1. Escola Superior de Technologia e Gestao( ESTG), Instituto Politecnico de Portalegre (IPP), Portalegre, Portugal & CICEGe - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencia e Engenharia Geologica, Departamento de Ciencias da Terra (DCT), Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal

    
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59. Cit:Bromblet.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Bromblet Ph.1, Vergés-Belmin V., Franzen C., Aze S., Rolland O.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Toward an optimization of the specifications for water bath desalination of stone objects
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: [1]
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 397-404

    
    1. Centre interregional de conservation et de restauration du patrimoine, Marseille, France

    
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60. Cit:Larsen.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Larsen P.K.1, Brajer I.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	The salt-damaged wall paintings in Stroeby Church, Denmark
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Larsen etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 105-112

    
    1. The National Museum of Denmark, Department of Conservation

    
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61. Cit:Cervinka.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Cervinka J.1, Kolinkeová B., Rovnaniková P., Bayer K.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Lime mortars modified towards higher resistance to the influence of watersoluble salts - New possibilities for the restoration of architectural monuments
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Cervinka etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 339-346

    
    1. University of Pardubice, Faculty of Restoration, Jiráskova 3, 57001 Litomysl, Czech Republic

    
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62. Cit:Colas.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Colas E.1, Mertz J-D., Thomachot-Schneider C., Barbin V.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Salt crystallization effect on the swelling behavior of clayey sandstones
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Colas etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 179-186

    
    1. Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (LRMH), Paris, France & GEGENA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France

    
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63. Cit:Denecker.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Denecker M.1, Menéndez B., Esteban L., Hebert R., Bourges A.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Modification of the physical properties of rocks due to salt crystallization
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Denecker etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 411

    
    1. Geosciences et Environnement Cergy, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, F-95031 Cergy-Pontoise cedex France

    
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64. Cit:Derluyn.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Derluyn H.1, Griffa M., Mannes D., Jerjen I., Dewanckele J., Vontobel P., Derome D., Cnudde V., Lehmann E., Carmeliet J.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Quantitative analysis of saline transport and crystallization damage in porous limestone visualized by neutron and X-ray imaging
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Derluyn etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 47-54

    
    1. Chair of Building Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland & Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    
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65. Cit:Desarnaud.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Desarnaud J.1, Bertrand F., Shahidzadeh-Bonn N.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Dynamics of salt crystallization
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Desarnaud etal..pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 23-30

    
    1. Laboratoire Navier, Umr 8205, Marne la vallée, France & Van der Waals-Zeeman Institut, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    
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66. Cit:Fujimaki.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Fujimaki T.1, Oguchi C.T., Osawa Y., Thomachot-Schneider C., Gommeaux M., Eyssautier S., Franteau G.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Salt weathering susceptibility of natural limestone and reconstituted stone used in the Orval Abbey, Belgium
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Fujimaki etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 161-168

    
    1. Graduate student, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan & Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, 338-8570, Saitama, Japan

    
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67. Cit:Gomez-Heras.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Gomez-Heras M.1, Lopez-Arce P., Bala`awi F., Vazquez-Calvo C., Fort R., Ishakat F., Alvarez de Buergo M., Allawneh F.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Characterisation of salt combinations found at the "Silk Tomb" (Petra, Jordan) and their possible source
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Gomez-Heras etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 81-88

    
    1. Departamento de Petrologia y Geoquimica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas UCM & Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), Jose Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    
    

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68. Cit:Laue.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Laue S.1, Schaab C.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Mitigation of salt damages by climate stabilization and salt extractions in the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Laue etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 129-136

    
    1. University of Applied Science Potsdam, Pappelallee 8-9, D-14469 Potsdam

    
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69. Cit:Leal.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Leal N.1, Simao J., Gartmann C., Silva Z.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Salt-fog experiments on consolidant and water repellent treated dimension stones
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Leal etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 187-194

    
    1. Centro de Investigacao em Ciencia e Engenharia Geologica, Departamento de Ciencias da Terra - Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (CICEGe / DCT - FCT / UNL), Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

    
    

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70. Cit:Lubelli.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Lubelli B.1, van Hees R.P.J., De Clercq H.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Fine tuning of desalination poultices: try-outs in practice
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Lubelli etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 381-388

    
    1. Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands & TNO, Delft, The Netherlands

    
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71. Cit:McAllister.etal:2011
    

    Autor	McAllister D.1, McCabe S., Srinivasan S., Smith B.J., Warke P.A.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Moisture dynamics in building sandstone: implications für transport and accumulation of salts
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-McAllister etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 39-46

    
    1. School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen`s University Belfast, Nothern Ireland

    
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72. Cit:McCabe.etal:2011
    

    Autor	McCabe S.1, Smith B.J., McAllister J.J., McAllister D., Srinivasan S., Basheer P.A.M., Curran J.M.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Linking climate change, moisture dynamics and salt movement within natural building sandstones: implications for salt transport by diffusion
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-McCabe etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 63-70

    
    1. School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen`s University Belfast, Nothern Ireland

    
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73. Cit:Mosquera.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Mosquera M.J.1, de los Santos D.M.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Resistance to salt crystallization provided by a new surfactant-synthesized ormosil in monumental stone restoration
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Mosquera etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 283-290

    
    1. University of Cadiz, Puerto Real (Cadiz), Spain

    
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74. Cit:Ottosen.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Ottosen L.M.1, Ferreira C., Christensen I.V.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Electrochemical Desalination of Historic Portuguese Tiles, Azulejos, in laboratory scale
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Ottosen etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 349-356

    
    1. Dept. Of Civil Engeineering, B118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    
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75. Cit:Rörig-Dalgaard.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Rörig-Dalgaard I.1, Boellingtoft P.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Electrochemical desalination of the ionic mixture measured in the vault of Roerby Church-Laboratory scale
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Rörig-Dalgaard etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 365-372

    
    1. Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    
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76. Cit:Smith.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Smith M.1, Foulke R.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Nanoparticles for stabilization of salts in St. Nicholas Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Smith etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 275-282

    
    1. West Penn Testing/Spectrochemical Labs, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, United States

    
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77. Cit:Szemerey-Kiss.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Szemerey-Kiss B.1, Török A.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Salt durability tests of repair mortars used in the restoration of porous limestones
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Szemerey-Kiss etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 323-330

    
    1. Department of Construction Materials and Engineering Geology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    
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78. Cit:Török.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Török A.1, Galambos E., Józsa Zs., Kriston L., Bóna I., Csányi E., Szemerey-Kiss B., Méreyné-Bán B.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Salt efflorescence and subflorescence in Baroque frescos and the role of bat droppings in the decay wall paintings
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Török etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 97-104

    
    1. Department of Constuction Materials and Engineering Geology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    
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79. Cit:Schwarz.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Schwarz H.-J.1, Weyer A.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	SalzWiki – A Specialized Wiki with Repository on “Salt Decay”-Knowledge Transfer and a Virtual Research Environment
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Schwarz etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 423

    
    1. HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Faculty of Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Hornemann Institute, Kardinal-Bertram-Straße 36, 31134 Hildesheim, Germany

    
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80. Cit:Beck.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Beck K.1 and Al-Mukhtar M.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Formation of a patina by means of wetting-drying cycles
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011 Beck etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 195-202

    
    1. CRMD - University of Orléans - CNRS, Orléans, France

    
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81. Cit:Ali.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Ali H.E.1, Khattab S.A., Beck K., Al-Mukhtar M.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Salt weathering in the Al-Namrud Monuments in Iraq: characterization of historical stone and fresh stone treated with accelerated decay tests
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Datei:SWBSS2011 Ali etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 89-96

    
    1. Civil Engineering Department, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Ali.etal:2011]

    Ali, H. E.; Khattab, S.A.; Beck, K.; Al-Mukhtar, M. (2011): Salt weathering in the Al-Namrud Monuments in Iraq: characterization of historical stone and fresh stone treated with accelerated decay tests. In: Ionannou, Ioannis; Theodoridou, Magdalini (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the Conference "Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures", Limassol, Cyprus, 19.-22. Oct. 2011, 89-96.

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82. Cit:Hendrickx.etal:2011
    

    Autor	Hendrickx R.1, De Clercq H., Roels S., Vanhellemont Y., Herinckx S.
    Jahr	2011
    Titel	Experimental investigation of the influence of precipitated salts on the liquid transport properties of brick using an organic liquid
    Bibtex
    DOI
    Link	Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Hendrickx etal.pdf
    Bemerkungen	In: I. Ioannou, M Theodoridou (Eds.), SWBSS2011 -Salt weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture,19.-22. October, Limassol, Cyprus, S. 55-62

    
    1. Royal Institut for Cultural Heritage, Brussels, Belgium

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Hendrickx.etal:2011]

    Hendrickx, R.; De Clercq, Hilde; Roels, S.; Vanhellemont, Y.; Herinckx, S. (2011): Experimental investigation of the influence of precipitated salts on the liquid transport properties of brick using an organic liquid. In: Ionannou, Ioannis; Theodoridou, Magdalini (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the Conference "Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures", Limassol, Cyprus, 19.-22. Oct. 2011, 55-62, https://doi.org/10.5165/hawk-hhg/saltwiki/31.

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83. Cit:Laue:2017
    

    Autor	Laue, Steffen (ed.)
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017
    Bibtex	@proceedings { Laue:2017, title = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Steffen Laue}, month = {september}, organization = {University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, key = {SWBSS 2017}, doi = {10.5165/HAWK-HHG/315}, fulltext = {File:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings.pdf}, author = {} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/315
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings.pdf
    Bemerkungen

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Laue:2017]

    Steffen Laue (Hrsg.) (2017): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017, Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam, 10.5165/HAWK-HHG/315.

    Abstract

    The conference aims to bring together conservators, restorers, engineers, architects, academics, students and experienced researchers and hence contributes to the promotion of research and development within the field of salt weathering of porous materials.

    Main topics: Salts in monumental built heritage and stone sculptures are still today a major problem in preservation caused mainly by environmental influences. Therefore, the conference will focus on Environmental aspects related to salt sources, Transport phenomena and salt crystallisation, Measurement techniques, Desalination techniques Conservation issues, Case studies
84. Cit:Charola.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Charola, Elena; Rousset, Bénédicte; Bläuer, Christine
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Deicing Salts: An Overview
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Charola.etal:2017, title = {Deicing Salts: An Overview}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {16-23}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/316}, author = {Charola, Elena; Rousset, Bénédicte; Bläuer, Christine} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/316
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 16-23 Charola Rousset Blaeuer.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Charola.etal:2017]

    Charola,Elena; Rousset, Bénédicte; Bläuer, Christine (2017): Deicing Salts: An Overview. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 16-23, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/316.

    Abstract

    The world production of salt (NaCl) was over two hundred million tons in 2015. The US is the second larger producer of salt after China, produced over four million tons of which 43 % were consumed in highway deicing. While NaCl is the most commonly used salt, other salts are added to it to improve its performance, such as CaCl2, MgCl2. To reduce the use of the deteriorating NaCl, other salts are also used, such as magnesium acetate, calcium magnesium acetate or potassium and magnesium formate. The addition of sand and other inorganic insoluble compounds to aid in making surfaces less slippery is discussed, as well as the recent use of organic deicers and the problems that these can induce. The paper aims to present an overview of deicing salts, and the differences with anti-icing or antifreeze solutions. It also discusses the problems they induce to vehicles, buildings and constructions, while also considering the negative aspect they have for the environment as well as their contribution to air pollution. Some examples are presented to illustrate the problem and less aggressive alternatives are discussed, especially with regard to the conservation of valuable architectural heritage.
85. Cit:Abuku.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Abuku, Masaru; Ogura, D.; Hokoi, S.
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	A preliminary study on dynamic measurement of salt crystallization and deliquescence on a porous material surface using optical microscope
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Abuku.etal:2017, title = {A preliminary study on dynamic measurement of salt crystallization and deliquescence on a porous material surface using optical microscope}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {42-48}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/319}, author = {Abuku, Masaru; Ogura, D.; Hokoi, S.} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/319
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 42-48 Abuku Ogura Hokoi.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Abuku.etal:2017]

    Abuku, Masaru; Ogura, D.; Hokoi, S. (2017): A preliminary study on dynamic measurement of salt crystallization and deliquescence on a porous material surface using optical microscope. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 42-48, https://doi.org/10.5165/hawk-hhg/saltwiki/2910.5165/hawk-hhg/319.

    Abstract

    This paper reports on our preliminary attempt to perform dynamic laboratory measurements of salt crystallization and subsequent deliquescence on a surface of a porous material specimen (autoclaved aerated concrete as a model material) by using a high-resolution digital optical microscope that allows generating three-dimensional images. A specimen that is initially filled with a NaCl solution is dried in a room at ~26°C and ~40% RH for 14 days and is then wetted in a desiccator at ~95% RH during the next 14 days. A temporal change of the spatial distribution of the volume occupied by salt crystals on the specimen surface is determined based on the contrast between two microscopic images successively taken with a certain interval of time. The mass of the specimen is also measured simultaneously to determine the rate of water evaporation/absorption. The results show that salt crystallization during drying is not spatially uniform throughout the specimen surface, which likely depends on the spatial distribution of the pore structure in the specimen, and salt crystal deliquesces faster near the edges of the specimen than in the centre, which indicates a stronger dependency of salt deliquescence on the geometry of the specimen than on the inner pore structure of the specimen.
86. Cit:Auras:2017
    

    Autor	Auras, Michael
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Traffic-induced salt deposition on facades
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Auras:2017, title = {Traffic-induced salt deposition on facades}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {24-32}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/317}, author = {Auras, Michael} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/317
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 24-32 Auras.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Auras:2017]

    Auras, Michael (2017): Traffic-induced salt deposition on facades. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 24-32, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/317.

    Abstract

    Air pollution has been reduced significantly in Germany during the last decades. Nevertheless high pollution levels are recorded in urban environment along heavy-trafficked roads. Relevant portions of the emissions of nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter are caused by car traffic. The change of environmental conditions has led to a change of salt deposition on facades. Actual research results show high concentrations of nitrogen oxides at historical facades but contradictory data for the deposition of nitrates. Additionally, the redispersion of de-icing salt by car traffic leads to a deposition of chlorides on facades not only in the base zone.
87. Cit:Benkhalifa.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Benkhalifa, Sara; Vergès-Belmin, Véronique; Rolland, Olivier; Leroux, Lise
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Tracing back the origins of sodium sulfate formation on limestone as a consequence of a cleaning campaign: the case study on Charité and Espérance sculptures of Chartres cathedral
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Benkhalifa.etal:2017, title = {Tracing back the origins of sodium sulfate formation on limestone as a consequence of a cleaning campaign: the case study on Charité and Espérance sculptures of Chartres cathedral}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {219-228}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/339}, author = {Benkhalifa, Sara; Vergès-Belmin, Véronique; Rolland, Olivier; Leroux, Lise} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/339
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 219-228 Benkhalifa Verges-Belmin Rolland Leroux.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Benkhalifa.etal:2017]

    Benkhalifa, Sara; Vergès-Belmin, Véronique; Rolland, Olivier; Leroux, Lise (2017): Tracing back the origins of sodium sulfate formation on limestone as a consequence of a cleaning campaign: the case study on Charité and Espérance sculptures of Chartres cathedral. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 219-228, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/339.

    Abstract

    In 2012, five years after cleaning by Mora paste, sodium sulfate related deterioration was noticed on two XVIIIth century limestone sculptures of Chartres cathedral. This paper presents the results of the diagnostic study and of the conservation intervention performed on these sculptures, with a focus on trials to determine the salt phases responsible for their deterioration. The methodology chosen includes mineralogical and chemical analyses of samples collected on the sculptures during the diagnostic phase and after kaolin-based poultice desalination (XRD, quantification of soluble salts, SEM-EDS), but also mineralogical analyses of the salts extracted from the poultices. Mora paste chemicals (and in particular EDTA disodium salt) are probably responsible for the quick deterioration of the sculptures through complex and unidentified chemical pathways : at least two of the mineral phases found in this case study are not present in the JCPDS data base on mineral phases. It is proposed to set up an inventory of unidentified phases found in case studies similar to this one, in order to gather the knowledge spread in different institutions, and later to build scientific projects on the topic of EDTA-related deterioration.
88. Cit:Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Brunet-Imbault, Barbara; Reidiboym, Benjamin; Guinamard, Clément
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Granite and schist masonry desalination by poultices at Jacobine Church in Morlaix, France
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017, title = {Granite and schist masonry desalination by poultices at Jacobine Church in Morlaix, France}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {229-239}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/340}, author = {Brunet-Imbault, Barbara; Reidiboym, Benjamin; Guinamard, Clément} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/340
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 229-239 Brunet-Imbault Reidiboym Guinamard.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017]

    Brunet-Imbault, Barbara; Reidiboym, Benjamin; Guinamard, Clément (2017): Granite and schist masonry desalination by poultices at Jacobine Church in Morlaix, France. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 229-239, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/340.

    Abstract

    The Jacobine Church of Morlaix in France has been deconsecrated in the XIXth century. Afterwards, it has been used as a stable and then turned into a market which included salt storage for food preservation. Moreover, the church is built downhill of a significant slope next to the Jarlot river. The church, built with granite and schist, presents important salt resurgences, granular disintegrations and moisture areas on joint mortars. The project of the city is to restore the church and turn it into an exhibition space included in a new museum. According to this project, the architects want to apply new lime plasters on the walls, which is not possible because of the high levels of salts. In order to evaluate the salt contamination, samples have been taken in different heights and depths in stones and mortars. Contamination profiles have been obtained and poultices based on cellulose fibers, clays and fine quartz sand have been formulated. Stone and poultice porosimetries have been measured in order to adjust the poultice formulation. The goal of this adjustment was to obtain the appropriate pore size distributions to improve the moisture transport mechanisms between stones and poultices. Three poultices formulations containing variable ratios of cellulose, sand and clays have been selected. Test areas included join removal as much as possible and vacuum cleaning of the wall surface before the first poultice application. These on-site trials allowed us to study desalination efficiency, including poultice formulation and desalination practice (number of poultices applications, wall surface preliminary preparation). Granite cut stone and schist blocks masonries have distinct properties, so desalination practice must be adjusted to obtain an optimized efficiency, including a different poultice formulation and a different masonry preparation. Nevertheless, the desalination of such contaminated masonries is a challenge to preserve lime plaster from future degradations.
89. Cit:Charalambous.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Charalambous, Cleopatra; Ioannou, Ioannis
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Efficiency of laboratory produced water repellent treatments on limestone
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Charalambous.etal:2017, title = {Efficiency of laboratory produced water repellent treatments on limestone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {110-117}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/327}, author = {Charalambous, Cleopatra; Ioannou, Ioannis} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/327
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 110-117 Charalambous Ioannou.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Charalambous.etal:2017]

    Charalambous, Cleopatra; Ioannou, Ioannis (2017): Efficiency of laboratory produced water repellent treatments on limestone. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 110-117, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/327.

    Abstract

    A number of cultural and architectural heritage structures all over the world are built with natural stone. Although this material is considered to be one of the most durable geomaterials, many existing stone buildings and monuments show clear evidence of decay and weathering. The deterioration of stone is strongly related to the presence and movement of water within its pore network. Therefore, hydrophobic surface treatments are usually adopted to protect existing or new stonework. Such treatments, however, should not affect the breathability of stone; else, there is a risk of enhancing possible decay mechanisms, such as salt crystallization. Natural limestones appear to have a degree of inherent water repellency. This has been confirmed through multiple measurements of capillary absorption at different temperatures, using water and organic liquids. The measurements were carried out on several building and decorative limestones, showing in each case an anomalously low water sorptivity. This natural water repellency of limestones was attributed to the presence of organic contaminants, such as fatty acids, in the pore network of the materials under investigation. In this paper, the natural water repellency of Cypriot limestones is exploited to develop several water repellent surface treatments, based on oleic acid. The aforementioned laboratory produced treatments were applied on a Cypriot calcarenite with proven poor durability characteristics. The results suggest that all treatments can permanently reduce the wettability of the stone under investigation, without modifying its composition or appearance. In order to investigate the durability of the treated stone, wetting/drying cycles were performed. The results provide strong evidence that treatment with oleic acid positively affects the durability of the stone under study. Consequently, the aforementioned surface treatment may be potentially used in practice to protect stone facades in buildings and cultural heritage sites.
90. Cit:Charola.etalA:2017
    

    Autor	Charola, A. Elena; Rörig-Dalgaard, Inge; Chwast, Jacek; Elsen, Jan
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Salt crystallization tests: Focus on their objective
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {CharolaA.etal:2017, title = {Salt crystallization tests: Focus on their objective}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {92-99}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/325}, author = {Charola, A. Elena; Rörig-Dalgaard, Inge; Chwast, Jacek; Elsen, Jan} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/325
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 92-99 Charola Roerig-Dalgaard Chwast Elsen.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [0]

    Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.

    Abstract

    Many factors influence the durability of a building material, such as its mechanical resistance, exposure conditions and the presence of soluble salts in it. Since the latter interact with each other, it is difficult to relate any of them to the specific damage observed. Lubelli et al. 1 have recently summarized the shortcoming of some salt crystallization tests and of the mathematical models based on the accepted salt crystallization theories. The net result is that there is no single salt crystallization test that can provide all answers since crystallization kinetics, depending on specific circumstances, play a critical role in the induced deterioration. Nonetheless, specific tests have been developed which have proved to be practically viable in assessing particular material compatibility or potential damaging sources. Two such tests are described, one using sodium chloride to determine compatibility of restoration mortars, and another where the efflorescence of gypsum for brick masonry is evaluated. These methods have proven their reliability and lead to the conclusion that salt tests should be designed for specific objectives.
91. Cit:Frankovic.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Franković, Maja; Novaković, Nevenka; Erić, Suzana; Vulić, Predrag; Matović, Vesna
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Investigation of salts souces at the Karadjordje’s Gate on the Belgrade Fortress
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Frankovic.etal:2017, title = {Investigation of salts souces at the Karadjordje’s Gate on the Belgrade Fortress}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {252-260}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/342}, author = {Franković, Maja; Novaković, Nevenka; Erić, Suzana; Vulić, Predrag; Matović, Vesna} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/342
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 252-260 Frankovic Novakovic Eric Vulic Matovic.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Frankovic.etal:2017]

    Franković, Maja; Novaković, Nevenka; Erić, Suzana; Vulić, Predrag; Matović, Vesna (2017): Investigation of salts souces at the Karadjordje’s Gate on the Belgrade Fortress. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 252-260, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/342.

    Abstract

    The Karadjordje’s gate is a monument of culture, part of the historical complex of the Belgrade Fortress. The gate, dated from 1740 to 1791, is made of autochthonous limestone of Miocene age. After years of exposure to environmental conditions and different anthropogenic influences, the stone blocks showed a wide range of decay forms. The gate was subject to a restoration campaign in 2007 using cement based materials. Today, the gate shows renewed signs of degradation: detachment of “artificial stone” used for restoration; scaling and disaggregation of the original stone blocks. Salts efflorescence is present around the joints of stone blocks in the upper part of the gate and under the reconstructed rosettes. Characterization of salts was carried out by SEM-EDS and XRPD analyses. Results showed the presence of the following salts: syngenite, gypsum, thenardite, darapskite, bassanite, niter, aphthitalite and witzkeite. The paper concludes that there is an influence of restoration materials to salt contamination and to the decay of stone and “artificial stone”.
92. Cit:Franzen.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Franzen, Christoph; Aulitzky, Martin; Pfefferkorn, Stephan
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Moisture transport during poultice application
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Franzen.etal:2017, title = {Moisture transport during poultice application}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {168-175}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/334}, author = {Franzen, Christoph; Aulitzky, Martin; Pfefferkorn, Stephan} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/334
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 168-175 Franzen Aulitzky Pfefferkorn.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Franzen.etal:2017]

    Franzen, Christoph; Aulitzky, Martin; Pfefferkorn, Stephan (2017): Moisture transport during poultice application. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 168-175, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/334.

    Abstract

    Water movement is the key parameter in poultice application for desalination. Water is the eluent and transport medium for the salts to be extracted from the porous substrate. While from the hypothetical point of view the dynamical processes of water ingress, dissolution of salts, transportation and precipitation seems to be well known, measured data on the water quantities at specific stages of the process are scarce. Especially, time approximations about the change in main movement direction of the water are unidentified. By experimental data we give indications to the total amount of water used with different poultice compositions and the development of the water ratio during the process until equilibrium dryness is reached. In conclusion we suggest increasing the ratio of water and probably the poultice layer thickness from cycle to cycle to increase the effective cross section stepwise.
93. Cit:Frick.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Frick, Jürgen; Reichert, Manuela; Garrecht, Harald
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Salt content of dust and its impact on the wall paintings of the church St. Georg at the UNESCO World Heritage site Monastic Island of Reichenau in Germany
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Frick.etal:2017, title = {Salt content of dust and its impact on the wall paintings of the church St. Georg at the UNESCO World Heritage site Monastic Island of Reichenau in Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {242-251}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/341}, author = {Frick, Jürgen; Reichert, Manuela; Garrecht, Harald} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/341
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 242-251 Frick Reichert Garrecht.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Frick.etal:2017]

    Frick, Jürgen; Reichert, Manuela; Garrecht, Harald (2017): Salt content of dust and its impact on the wall paintings of the church St. Georg at the UNESCO World Heritage site Monastic Island of Reichenau in Germany. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 242-251, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/341.

    Abstract

    St. Georg is one of the three Romanesque churches on the island of Reichenau at Lake Constance, Germany, built between the 9th and 11th century. UNESCO inscribed the monastic island of Reichenau in the World Heritage List in 2000. St. Georg has meticulously restored wall paintings which are exposed to a very humid indoor environment. Anthropogenic risks and preventive mitigation measures to reduce the environmental stress were identified within a research project. One aspect of research was the impact of salt in dust collected from time to time from different areas in the nave and the crypt. The paper identifies possible sources and analyses the harmfulness in relation to the indoor climate by salt mixture simulation with ECOS/RUNSALT. The data were compared with drilling samples of walls and passive dust sampling data. An experimental analysis by dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) of dust samples is planned in near future.
94. Cit:Godts.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Godts, Sebastiaan; Hayen, Roald; De Clercq, Hilde
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Salt extraction by poulticing in the archaeological site of Coudenberg
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Godts.etal:2017, title = {Salt extraction by poulticing in the archaeological site of Coudenberg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {200-207}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/337}, author = {Godts, Sebastiaan; Hayen, Roald; De Clercq, Hilde} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/337
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 200-207 Godts Hayen DeClercq.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Godts.etal:2017]

    Godts, Sebastiaan; Hayen, Roald; De Clercq, Hilde (2017): Salt extraction by poulticing in the archaeological site of Coudenberg. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 200-207, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/337.

    Abstract

    A common method for the extraction of salts is the use of poultice materials. Despite extensive scientific research, the salt extraction process in practice often remains empiric. This paper aims to further the understanding of a salt extraction by poulticing in practical experiments. Three types of poultice materials are tested on brick masonry in 12 different locations in the subterranean archaeological site of Coudenberg in Brussels. The tested poultice materials have different compositions including kaolin clay, sand and/or cellulose fibres, theoretically favouring advection and/or diffusion. It is shown that for an accurate interpretation of the results it is crucial to evaluate the salt content in the poultice and to a depth of at least 20 cm in the different materials of the substrate, while considering the different densities and surface area of each material. Furthermore, it is shown that the presence of gypsum overshadows the results, hence the exclusion of equimolair contents of Ca2+ and SO4 2- is essential for the evaluation. Finally, the results of these experiments reveal that regardless of the different procedures, such as, the poultice type, pre-wetting or application time, salts are being redistributed into the wall rather than extracted.
95. Cit:Granneman.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Granneman, Sanne J. C.; Lubelli, Barbara; Rob P. J., van Hees
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Mitigating salt damage in lime-based mortars with mixed-in crystallization modifiers
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Granneman.etal:2017, title = {Mitigating salt damage in lime-based mortars with mixed-in crystallization modifiers}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {100-107}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/326}, author = {Granneman, Sanne J. C.; Lubelli, Barbara; Rob P. J., van Hees} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/326
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 100-107 Granneman Lubelli vanHees.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Granneman.etal:2017]

    Granneman, Sanne J. C.; Lubelli, Barbara; Rob P. J., van Hees (2017): Mitigating salt damage in lime-based mortars with mixed-in crystallization modifiers. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 100-107, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/326.

    Abstract

    This paper presents the most important results of a research project which focused on the use of crystallization modifiers mixed in lime mortar to mitigate salt crystallization damage. The research focused on two of the most damaging salts, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, and suitable crystallization modifiers (sodium ferrocyanide and borax). We report the major findings related to the effectiveness of the modifiers when mixed in the mortar, and the results of characterization of the additivated mortars in comparison with reference mortars. Moreover, the durability of the developed mortars to salt decay is discussed, based on the results of an accelerated salt weathering test carried out in laboratory. No major effects of the modifiers on the fresh and hardened mortar properties were observed which might restrain the application of crystallization modifiers in restoration mortars. Additionally, the mortars with mixed-in modifiers showed a considerable improvement of the salt resistance when compared to reference mortars. Considering these results an outlook for future research pathways is given.
96. Cit:Graziani.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Graziani, Gabriela; Sassoni, Enrico; Scherer, George W.; Franzoni, Elisa
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	The application of hydroxyapatite-based treatments to salt-bearing porous limestones: A study on sodium sulphate-contaminated Lecce Stone
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Graziani.etal:2017, title = {The application of hydroxyapatite-based treatments to salt-bearing porous limestones: A study on sodium sulphate-contaminated Lecce Stone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {176-186}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/335}, author = {Graziani, Gabriela; Sassoni, Enrico; Scherer, George W.; Franzoni, Elisa} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/335
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 176-186 Graziani Sassoni Scherer Franzoni.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Graziani.etal:2017]

    Graziani, Gabriela; Sassoni, Enrico; Scherer, George W.; Franzoni, Elisa (2017): The application of hydroxyapatite-based treatments to salt-bearing porous limestones: A study on sodium sulphate-contaminated Lecce Stone. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 176-186, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/335.

    Abstract

    Salt weathering is among the most severe phenomena affecting porous limestone, often leading to the loss of precious material from historical sculptures and building facades. Together with exerting a weathering action, salts can also hamper the success of consolidation treatments, by interfering with consolidants’ penetration and/or curing reactions. On site, application of consolidants on non-contaminated stone is rarely feasible, especially in the case of porous limestones; for this reason, testing application of consolidants on salt laden stone is of particular relevance to guarantee their successful application in the field. In this paper, two hydroxyapatite (HAP)-based treatments have been applied to Lecce Stone, a very porous organogenic limestone, highly susceptible to salt weathering. The two treatments differ for DAP concentration, application procedure and presence/absence of ethanol in the formulation. Prior to treating, specimens were subjected to salt crystallization cycles in a sodium sulphate solution, to cause salt contamination and induce weathering. They were then desalinated, purposely leaving a percentage of salts in the stone (SO4 2- after desalination ~0.15-0.3 wt%). Phase formation and distribution as a result of different contamination levels were investigated, and the efficacy of the treatments in comparison to ethyl silicate was determined, as it is currently the most used consolidant for this lithotype. Finally, the durability of the most promising treatment to further salt crystallization was evaluated, again in comparison with ethyl silicate. Promising results were obtained, as the presence of sodium sulphate did not prevent the HAP- based consolidants from uniformly distributing in the stone, sealing cracks and forming insoluble phosphate phases. Interestingly, the application on non-desalinated stone revealed that the nature and the amount of the phases that form as a result of the treatment are dependent on the amount of salts in the stone. Finally, most promising HAP-based formulation was found to enhance the stone’s durability towards further salt crystallization, also compared to ethyl silicate.
97. Cit:Hassine.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Hassine, Mohamed Ahmed; Beck, Kévin; Brunetaud, Xavier; Al-Mukhtar, Muzahim
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Local strain measurements during water imbibition in tuffeau polluted by gypsum
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Hassine.etal:2017, title = {Local strain measurements during water imbibition in tuffeau polluted by gypsum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {74-80}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/323}, author = {Hassine, Mohamed Ahmed; Beck, Kévin; Brunetaud, Xavier; Al-Mukhtar, Muzahim} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/323
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 74-80 Hassine Beck Brunetaud Al-Mukhtar.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Hassine.etal:2017]

    Hassine, Mohamed Ahmed; Beck, Kévin; Brunetaud, Xavier; Al-Mukhtar, Muzahim (2017): Local strain measurements during water imbibition in tuffeau polluted by gypsum. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 74-80, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/323.

    Abstract

    The research presented in this communication aimed to evaluate the mechanism of spalling generated by mechanical stresses and strains developed due to imbibition and the link with atmospheric pollution generating gypsum in the stone. Tests were carried out on a French limestone, called tuffeau. Local strains were measured using strain gage rosettes during water imbibition in polluted and unpolluted samples. Three rosettes were placed on a sample at different distances from the surface (1, 4, 7 cm) to measure locally the strain during water infiltration. These rosettes determine the strain in three directions 0°/45°/90°. Results concerning the behaviour of polluted stone during imbibition are compared to unpolluted stone. Results concerning differential strains between the surface and the core of the stone due to water infiltration demonstrate unusual behaviour not restricted to expansion alone: a local contraction zone and expansion zone in each direction separately for the stone. Pollution by gypsum has an effect on the strain measurements mainly on the first few centimetres of the stone.
98. Cit:Kiriyama.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Kiriyama, Kyoko; Wakiya, Soichiro; Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Abuku, Masaru; Kohdzuma, Yohsei
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Environmental control for mitigating salt deterioration by sodium sulfate on Motomachi Stone Buddha in Oita prefecture, Japan
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Kiriyama.etal:2017, title = {Environmental control for mitigating salt deterioration by sodium sulfate on Motomachi Stone Buddha in Oita prefecture, Japan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {118-124}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/328}, author = {Kiriyama, Kyoko; Wakiya, Soichiro; Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Abuku, Masaru; Kohdzuma, Yohsei} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/328
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 118-124 Kiriyama Wakiya Takatori Ogura Abuku Kohdzuma.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Kiriyama.etal:2017]

    Kiriyama, Kyoko; Wakiya, Soichiro; Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Abuku, Masaru; Kohdzuma, Yohsei (2017): Environmental control for mitigating salt deterioration by sodium sulfate on Motomachi Stone Buddha in Oita prefecture, Japan. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 118-124, https://doi.org/10.5165/hawk-hhg/328.

    Abstract

    This study aimed to develop an appropriate interior environment to mitigate the deterioration by sodium sulfate crystallization on Motomachi Stone Buddha in Oita prefecture of Japan. This Stone Buddha is carved on the fragile welded tuff and has been covered by a shelter for the preservation. On this site, salt crystallization, especially in winter, is a major deterioration factor of this Buddha. In previous studies, the crystallization of sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate were identified by XRD. The temperature and relative humidity were measured both indoor and outdoor. Water quantity analysis of the groundwater near the Stone Buddha has been conducted revealing a higher solute content near the Buddha than in the general groundwater in Japan. According to the temperature and humidity measured inside the shelter in winter, it was suggested that the solubility of sodium sulfate decreased greatly with dropping in interior temperature and phase change from mirabilite to thenardite (sodium sulfate anhydrate) caused the deterioration of the statue. Hence, the shelter was improved to reduce ventilation frequency and block the direct solar radiation in order to reduce evaporation and decreasing interior temperature in winter. In this study, we have conducted environmental research and salt crystallization experiments under controlled temperature and relative humidity to assess the improvements of the shelter. After improvements of the shelter, the indoor temperature and relative humidity increased in winter. According to our experimental results, the deterioration of the Stone Buddha is reduced highlighting the efficiency of the improvements.
99. Cit:Kyriakou.etal:2017
    

    Autor	Kyriakou, Loucas; Theodoridou, Magdalini; Ioannou, Ioannis
    Jahr	2017
    Titel	Assessment of the durability of lime renders with Phase Change Material (PCM) additives against salt crystallization
    Bibtex	@inproceedings {Kyriakou.etal:2017, title = {Assessment of the durability of lime renders with Phase Change Material (PCM) additives against salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {81-89}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/324}, author = {Kyriakou, Loucas; Theodoridou, Magdalini; Ioannou, Ioannis} }
    DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/324
    Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 81-89 Kyriakou Theodoridou Ioannou.pdf
    Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

    
    Eintrag in der Bibliographie

    [Kyriakou.etal:2017]

    Kyriakou, Loucas; Theodoridou, Magdalini; Ioannou, Ioannis (2017): Assessment of the durability of lime renders with Phase Change Material (PCM) additives against salt crystallization. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 81-89, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/324.

    Abstract

    Energy consumption in buildings is mostly associated with the use of heating and cooling systems. Renders with the addition of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have the ability to absorb and release thermal energy, when the temperature changes accordingly, thus enhancing the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of buildings. Nevertheless, the performance of such renders with traditional binders lacks international experimental data, especially regarding their durability against salt weathering. This paper focuses on the effect of different percentages of commercial microencapsulated powder PCMs on the properties of hydrated and hydraulic lime renders, investigating at the same time the durability of the end-products against salt crystallization. The aim is to produce energy efficient and durable lime-based renders for the upgrading of contemporary buildings, as well as for conservation purposes. The modified composites have significantly lower thermal conductivity and increased specific heat capacity at 90 days after laboratory production, thus confirming the great potential of PCMs in enhancing the thermal performance of the aforementioned renders. Comparative tests show that the addition of PCMs has an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the renders and a noteworthy reduction of their bulk density. Nevertheless, the salt crystallization resistance of the modified renders improves with the percentage of PCM addition, when assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively following 15 full immersion wetting and drying cycles in Na2SO4 solution.
100. Cit:Laue.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Laue, Steffen; Poerschke, Dörte; Hübner, Benjamin
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Investigation and conservation of salt damaged epitaphs in the church of Werben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Laue.etal:2017, title = {Investigation and conservation of salt damaged epitaphs in the church of Werben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {275-284}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/347}, author = {Laue, Steffen; Poerschke, Dörte; Hübner, Benjamin} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/347
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 275-284 Laue Poerschke Huebner.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Laue.etal:2017]

     Laue, Steffen; Poerschke, Dörte; Hübner, Benjamin (2017): Investigation and conservation of salt damaged epitaphs in the church of Werben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 275-284, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/347.

     Abstract

     The case study of the St. Johannis church in Werben (Saxony-Anhalt) is one of those instances where conservators and restorers working in the field of building heritage have to find sustainable solutions for a cultural heritage site affected by high humidity levels and salt content for centuries. In the church of Werben, the ground floor of the steeple houses a remarkable collection of predominantly polychrome epitaphs from the 16th – 18th centuries. These epitaphs reflect in an unique way the story of important citizens of Werben and provide an extensive overview of the design and techniques used in the manufacturing of such monuments through various epochs. During an inventory of the epitaphs, several damages were attributed to salts and the high moisture content in the ground floor of the steeple. Salt analyses, climate measurements and calculations with the computer model ECOS/ RUNSALT were used to understand the damage processes of the epitaphs. The results provide the basis for applying appropriate conservation methods and materials pertaining to the room and the polychromic epitaphs. As a case study one epitaph was removed and preserved in the workshop of the conservation and
101. Cit:Leonhardt.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Leonhardt, Christian; Leonhardt, Sabine; Heller, Julika
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Development of a network-based climate monitoring system for climate assessment and regulation
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Leonhardt.etal:2017, title = {Development of a network-based climate monitoring system for climate assessment and regulation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {297-301}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/349}, author = {Leonhardt, Christian; Leonhardt, Sabine; Heller, Julika} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/349
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 297-301 Leonhardt Leonhardt Heller.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Leonhardt.etal:2017]

     Leonhardt, Christian; Leonhardt, Sabine; Heller, Julika (2017): Development of a network-based climate monitoring system for climate assessment and regulation. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 297-301, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/349.

     Abstract

     In the cloister (the so-called Schwahl) of the St. Petri Cathedral in the German town of Schleswig, the current situation of the historical wall paintings was investigated in the context of a research project funded by the German Federal Foundation for the Environment (German: “Deutscher Bund fur Umwelt” – DBU). The project is focused on the investigation of the intense salt contamination and its connections with the climatic situation. In this context, a network-based climate monitoring system was installed and tested in 2016. The data is accessible online, which is more convenient and advantageous than conventional data logger records for long-term climate measurement and evaluation, which can only be accessed in situ. It allows direct response to critical climatic values by connected alarm, control and regulation systems. This way, measurements can be taken promptly thus preventing damage and high restoration costs. Previously, climatic data had been collected in the course of the research project since 2007, the comprehensive evaluation of which served as a basis for the setting of the parameters for the new system. Measurement data are transferred directly to an open-source based server infrastructure, which is scalable and ready for future requirements. Due to the data being directly available on the internet, it is possible to provide a minute-accurate climate monitoring in real-time. Thus, the evaluation of an arbitrary number of measurement locations and the analysis of local causes (events, weather changes) can be put into practice. The system was conceived and tested for the requirements of the Schleswig Cathedral. It can also be used in archives, depots and churches and thus constitutes a reliable basis for climate monitoring.
102. Cit:Maitschke.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Maitschke, Julia; Siedel, Heiner
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Desalination of Cotta type Elbe sandstone with adapted poultices: Optimization of poultice mixtures
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Maitschke.etal:2017, title = {Desalination of Cotta type Elbe sandstone with adapted poultices: Optimization of poultice mixtures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {208-218}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/338}, author = {Maitschke, Julia; Siedel, Heiner} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/338
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 208-218 Maitschke Siedel.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Maitschke.etal:2017]

     Maitschke, Julia; Siedel, Heiner (2017): Desalination of Cotta type Elbe sandstone with adapted poultices: Optimization of poultice mixtures. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 208-218, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/338.

     Abstract

     Cotta type Elbe sandstone has been frequently used as construction material and ornamental stone on buildings over centuries. Desalination of this sandstone (often performed with cellulose poultices in restoration practice) is ineffective in many cases due to its high amount of fine pores. A mixture of cellulose, kaolin and sand (1:2:1 by weight, CKS_121) with a high portion of fine pores was applied for poultice desalination on artificially salt-loaded specimens of Cotta type sandstone. Moreover, another mixture of the same components (CKS_128 with cellulose- kaolin-sand 1:2:8 by weight) and two poultices that are frequently used in restoration practice (ready-made Rajasil (RAJ) poultice and Arbocel® CC1000/ BWW40 (ARB) mixture) were applied for comparison. The pore size distributions and the structures of all poultices were characterized by MIP. The results showed highest amounts of extracted salt for the poultices with clay and higher portions of sand (CKS_128, RAJ). The CKS_121 poultice, although fitting best with regard to pore size distribution, shows high shrinkage due to the high amount of kaolin, which leads to loss of adhesion to the substrate during the desalination process. The results clearly demonstrate that in desalination practice of stones with fine pores compromises have to be found between the competitive parameters of “ideal” pore structure and low shrinkage of the poultice, both influenced by clay contents in the mixture.
103. Cit:Marinkovic:2017
     

     Autor	Marinkovic, Vinka
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Technique for transportation of stone sculptures damaged by salt crystallization
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Marinkovic:2017, title = {Technique for transportation of stone sculptures damaged by salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {271-274}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/346}, author = {Marinkovic, Vinka} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/346
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 271-274 Marinkovic.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Marinkovic:2017]

     Marinkovic, Vinka (2017): Technique for transportation of stone sculptures damaged by salt crystallization. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 271-274, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/346.

     Abstract

     The paper presents a technique for handling and transportation of stone sculptures damaged by salt crystallization. A limestone sculpture from the Cathedral of St. Lawrence in Trogir was studied and pre-consolidated with cyclododecane. First, test were performed in the lab. On 5 glass slides were applied powder of the Seget stone and then consolidated with 50% solution of CCD in Shellsol T, 50% solution of CCD in white spirit, 50% solution of CCD in toluene, with holt melted CCD and hot melted CCD with cotton gauze. After the tests were performed, a technique of pre-consolidation with melted cyclododecane and facing tissue was used in situ on the sculpture. Practical uses of the technique were considered in the paper.
104. Cit:Mertah.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Mertah, Eid; Othman, Moamen; Abdelrahman, Mohamed; Fatoh, Mohamed; Connor, S.
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Investigation and examination of a degraded Egyptian painted limestone relief from Tell Hebua (Sinai)
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Mertah.etal:2017, title = {Investigation and examination of a degraded Egyptian painted limestone relief from Tell Hebua (Sinai)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {261-270}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/344}, author = {Mertah, Eid; Othman, Moamen; Abdelrahman, Mohamed; Fatoh, Mohamed; Connor, S.} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/344
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 261-270 Mertah Othman Abdelrahman Fatoh Connor.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Mertah.etal:2017]

     Mertah, Eid; Othman, Moamen; Abdelrahman, Mohamed; Fatoh, Mohamed; Connor, S. (2017): Investigation and examination of a degraded Egyptian painted limestone relief from Tell Hebua (Sinai). In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 261-270, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/344.

     Abstract

     This paper presents a study bas-relief from the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC), which was found in Sinai in 2009 and came the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, in a quite challenging condition. The interest of this piece lies in the danger that the salt causes to the block’s surface, and particularly to the pigments of its decoration. The block is sculpted on two opposite sides, which both need to be consolidated, in order to be safely displayed in the museum’s galleries. The authors describe the investigation carried out to identify the types of salts and to select the possible techniques to remove them and preserve the surface and pigments.
105. Cit:Mizutani.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Mizutani, Etsuko; Ogura, D.; Ishizaki, T.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J.
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Measurement of salt solution uptake in fired clay brick and identification of solution diffusivity
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Mizutani.etal:2017, title = {Measurement of salt solution uptake in fired clay brick and identification of solution diffusivity}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {65-73}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/322}, author = {Mizutani, Etsuko; Ogura, D.; Ishizaki, T.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J.} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/322
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 65-73 Mizutani Ogura Ishizaki Abuku Sasaki.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Mizutani.etal:2017]

     Mizutani, Etsuko; Ogura, D.; Ishizaki, T.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J. (2017): Measurement of salt solution uptake in fired clay brick and identification of solution diffusivity. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 65-73, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/322.

     Abstract

     Salt solution uptake rates in fired clay brick were measured with γ-ray to investigate the influence of salt on solution diffusivity for appropriate numerical analysis of salt solution transfer and crystallization in porous materials. NaCl and Na2SO4 are the main salts confirmed in Hagia Sophia (Aya Sophia Museum), Istanbul, Turkey, and are used in this experiment. We identified solution diffusivity as a function of solution content by a numerical analysis of solution transfer. The main results are as follows. Solution uptake tests demonstrated that saturated solutions take approximately six times longer to attain a steady state than the time needed for pure water to obtain steady state. This was thought to be caused by the viscosity of the dissolved salts and the presence of crystallised salt in the material. We identified solution diffusivity by multiplying moisture diffusivity for pure water by a constant to reproduce the measured solution content in the cases where large amounts of efflorescence was observed at the material surface. In the case of a saturated solution of Na2SO4, which is considered the salt that most frequently precipitates into material, it was necessary to correct the solution diffusivity equation by considering the effect of in-pore salt precipitation.
106. Cit:Ottosen.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Ottosen, Lisbeth M.; Andersson, Lovisa C. H.
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Electrode placement during electro-desalination of NaCl contaminated sandstone – simulating treatment of carved stones
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Ottosen.etal:2017, title = {Electrode placement during electro-desalination of NaCl contaminated sandstone – simulating treatment of carved stones}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {150-157}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/332}, author = {Ottosen, Lisbeth M.; Andersson, Lovisa C. H.} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/332
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 150-157 Ottosen Andersson.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     Abstract

     Carved stone sculptures and ornaments can be severely damaged by salt induced decay. Often the irregular surfaces are decomposed, and the artwork is lost. The present paper is an experimental investigation on the possibility for using electro-desalination for treatment of stone with irregular shape with only two electrodes. The used Gotland sandstones were contaminated by NaCl in the laboratory. Due to the relatively good homogeneity in initial salt concentration obtained in this way, interpretation of the ED process were direct. Stones with an up-side-down T-shape formed the core of the investigation. Electro-desalination experiments were made with different duration to follow the progress. Successful desalination of the whole stone piece was obtained, showing that also parts not being placed directly between the electrodes were desalinated. This is important in case of salt damaged carved stones, where the most fragile parts thus can be desalinated without physically placing electrodes on them. The Cl removal rate was higher in the areas closest to the electrodes and slowest in the part, which was not placed directly between the electrodes. This is important to incorporate in the monitoring program to decide when a desalination action is finished.
107. Cit:Pasian.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Pasian, Chiara; Piqué, Francesca; Riminesi, Cristiano; Jornet, Albert
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	How not to bother salts while grouting
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Pasian.etal:2017, title = {How not to bother salts while grouting}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {158-167}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/333}, author = {Pasian, Chiara; Piqué, Francesca; Riminesi, Cristiano; Jornet, Albert} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/333
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 158-167 Pasian Pique Riminesi Jornet.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Pasian.etal:2017]

     Pasian, Chiara; Piqué, Francesca; Riminesi, Cristiano; Jornet, Albert (2017): How not to bother salts while grouting. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 158-167, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/333.

     Abstract

     The objective of this research work was to assess if the injection of water-reduced grouts (water-ethanol-based) mobilises soluble salts to a lesser extent compared to the injection of conventional water-based grouts. Ethanol was used as a partial substitute for water in grouts preparation, being a poorer solvent for soluble salts when compared to water. Three injection grouts were evaluated; for each grout individually, the performance of mixtures prepared with 100% water was compared to the performance of the same grout prepared with water-ethanol. To assess the different performance in a salt loaded system, the grouts were tested into replicas of delaminated plaster intentionally contaminated with NaCl. The salt movement was followed by evanescent field dielectrometry using the SUSIⓒ instrument. Grouts with reduced water content were also tested on site, at the San Vincenzo Oratory in Pazzallo, Tessin (CH), on decorated plasters afflicted by severe delamination associated with high amounts of soluble salts. Two adjoining areas, comparable in condition and in salt content, were stabilised with the same grout differing only in the nature of the suspension medium used (water- ethanol vs. water). Both in the laboratory and on site, it was experimentally verified that water-ethanol-based grouts caused a significant reduction of salts mobilisation, bothering salts to a lower extent compared to a typical water-based grouting intervention.
108. Cit:Pel.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Pel, Leo; Pishkari, Raheleh
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Wick action in cultural heritage
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Pel.etal:2017, title = {Wick action in cultural heritage}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {33-38}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/318}, author = {Pel, Leo; Pishkari, Raheleh} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/318
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 33-38 Pel Pishkariie.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Pel.etal:2017]

     Pel, Leo; Pishkari, Raheleh (2017): Wick action in cultural heritage. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 33-38, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/318.

     Abstract

     Salts crystallization is one of the main degradation mechanisms of historical objects, e. g., masonry. In this study we looked at a special case often encountered in marine environment, i.e., wick action. This is a steady state situation in which one end of an object is continuously absorbing a salt solution, e. g., sea water, whereas at the same time at other side there is continuous drying. As a result there will be a continuous flux of ions towards the drying surface and the concentration at the drying surface will slowly increase, resulting eventually in crystallization. In this study we looked at wick action for a 1 m NaCl solution using a biomicritic limestone from Sardinia, which is found in many cultural heritage objects. To measure both moisture and salt content simultaneously, we have used a specially designed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) set-up. The wick action experiment was performed for over 40 days. The results show that the concentration over 40 days slowly increases at the top until the saturation concentration is reached. It is shown that the concentration profiles can be modelled by a simple analytic solution of the advection-diffusion equation describing the ion transport. Keywords: Wick action,
109. Cit:Riminesi.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Riminesi, Cristiano; Olmi, R.
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Diagnostics and monitoring of moisture and salt in porous materials by evanescent field dielectrometry
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Riminesi.etal:2017, title = {Diagnostics and monitoring of moisture and salt in porous materials by evanescent field dielectrometry}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {49-56}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/320}, author = {Riminesi, Cristiano; Olmi, R.} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/320
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 49-56 Riminesi Olmi.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     Abstract

     Moisture and salts are the main causes of decay of porous materials, like wall paintings, stones, plasters and cement-based artefacts. Water is the ‚driving force‘ of decay, such as the detachment of the painted layer, the whitening of surfaces due to the crystallization of salts (efflorescence), and the weakening of the cementing binder. Early diagnostics of water content and detection of the presence of soluble salts inside the material is a key issue for understanding the degradation processes in such kind of materials and for improving their schedule maintenance. In this contribution a non-invasive microwave system based on evanescent field dielectrometry is described. The method was tested in the laboratory on moistened plaster samples, some of them containing salts at different concentrations. Measurements on water-saturated and oven-dry samples provide the basis for calibrating the instrument for on-site measurement of masonry structures, wall paintings and concrete historical buildings too. The obtained results prove the usefulness of the method as a tool for diagnostics and for monitoring the effectiveness and durability of restoring interventions.
110. Cit:Sassoni.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Sassoni, Enrico; Graziani, Gabriela; Franzoni, Elisa; Scherer, George W.
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Conservation of marble artifacts by phosphate treatments: influence of gypsum contamination
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Sassoni.etal:2017, title = {Conservation of marble artifacts by phosphate treatments: influence of gypsum contamination}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {143-149}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/331}, author = {Sassoni, Enrico; Graziani, Gabriela; Franzoni, Elisa; Scherer, George W.} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/331
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 143-149 Sassoni Graziani Franzoni George Scherer.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Sassoni.etal:2017]

     Sassoni, Enrico; Graziani, Gabriela; Franzoni, Elisa; Scherer, George W. (2017): Conservation of marble artifacts by phosphate treatments: influence of gypsum contamination. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 143-149, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/331.

     Abstract

     The use of ammonium phosphate solutions has proven to be very promising for protection and conservation of marble. However, all the studies carried out so far have been performed on uncontaminated marble. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case in the field, because marble artifacts exposed outdoors are often affected by sulfation, i. e. formation of a gypsum crust on the surface. Because gypsum is much more soluble than calcite, the outcome of the ammonium phosphate treatment is expected to be sensibly altered by the presence of gypsum. Therefore, in this study the nature and morphology of the new calcium phosphate phases formed by reacting gypsum with aqueous solutions of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) were investigated. In particular, the effect of DAP concentration, ethanol addition (aimed at reducing gypsum solubility), and pH were explored. The result is that phase formation can be controlled by suitably tuning the above mentioned parameters. Phases with low solubility (such as tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite) can be obtained by increasing the ethanol concentration, the DAP concentration or the pH. However, their formation is associated with diffused cracking, likely because of excessive growth of the new phases. Among the investigated formulations, treatment with a 0.1 M DAP solution with 30 vol % ethanol at pH=8 seems to be the most suitable one, as it leads to formation of brushite (about 30 times less soluble than gypsum), without cracking, so that a reduction in gypsum solubility in rain is expected.
111. Cit:Stahlbuhk.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Stahlbuhk, Amelie; Niermann, Michael; Steiger, Michael
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Determination of the water uptake and drying behavior of masonry using a non-destructive method
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Stahlbuhk.etal:2017, title = {Determination of the water uptake and drying behavior of masonry using a non-destructive method}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {57-64}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/321}, author = {Stahlbuhk, Amelie; Niermann, Michael; Steiger, Michael} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/321
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 57-64 Stahlbuhk Niermann Steiger.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Stahlbuhk.etal:2017]

     Stahlbuhk, Amelie; Niermann, Michael; Steiger, Michael (2017): Determination of the water uptake and drying behavior of masonry using a non-destructive method. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 57-64, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/321.

     Abstract

     Historic masonry of different types often suffers from various enrichments in surface and near-surface areas. Salts, atmospheric pollutants and other materials from external sources are possible causes for these enrichments which can directly influence the water uptake and drying of the masonry. Thus, a compaction of the superficial porous network can be expected in the case of crust formation, an enhanced water uptake in the case of hygroscopic salts. Both of these lead to a change of the intrinsic and unaffected water balance. Besides damaging effects, possibly provoked by crusts, and elevated salt contents, it is of interest to investigate how affected walls behave at a given relative humidity, e. g. threshold values for enhanced water uptake or release influenced by salts. The present study reports on a non-destructive chamber method used to investigate the impact of encrustations and salts on the masonry’s behavior concerning drying by determining moisture flow. Advantages of the chamber are its easy and non-destructive application on the masonry using a sealing material that is solely pressed on the wall without leaving residues and the use of harmless water vapor. An investigation of wall paintings in the cloister of the St. Peter Cathedral in Schleswig which in parts suffer from massive yellowish encrustations is presented to demonstrate the promising results obtained with the chamber method.
112. Cit:Takatori.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Wakiya, Soichiro; Abuku, Masaru; Kiriyama, Kyoko; Kohdzuma, Yoshei
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Numerical analysis on salt damage suppression of the Buddha statue carved into the cliff by controlling the room temperature and humidity in the shelter
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Takatori.etal:2017, title = {Numerical analysis on salt damage suppression of the Buddha statue carved into the cliff by controlling the room temperature and humidity in the shelter}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {125-134}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/329}, author = {Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Wakiya, Soichiro; Abuku, Masaru; Kiriyama, Kyoko; Kohdzuma, Yoshei} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/329
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 125-134 Takatori Ogura Wakiya Abuku Kiriyama Kohdzuma.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Takatori.etal:2017]

     Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Wakiya, Soichiro; Abuku, Masaru; Kiriyama, Kyoko; Kohdzuma, Yoshei (2017): Numerical analysis on salt damage suppression of the Buddha statue carved into the cliff by controlling the room temperature and humidity in the shelter. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 125-134, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/329.

     Abstract

     Motomachi Sekibutsu is a Buddha statue that was carved into a cliff in Oita City, Japan, during the 11th or 12th century. It was designated as a national historic site in 1934. The stone statue is constantly affected by the penetration of heat and moisture into the cliff, and concerns have been raised about its deterioration. Various preservation measures have been taken to prevent this; however, the main cause of deterioration, salt damage, has not been eliminated. Here we develop a numerical analysis model to calculate the heat and moisture behaviour in the statue and its shelter. Using this model, we reproduce the shelter’s hygrothermal environment before and after renovation and evaluate it with respect to damage caused by sodium sulphate. Our results show that the improvement in airtightness drastically contributes to decreasing the evaporation from the statue and suppressing the salt phase change; thus, the renovation of the shelter suppressed sodium sulphate salt damage to the statue.
113. Cit:Thickett.etal:2017
     |Autor=Thickett, David; Stanley, Bethan |Jahr =2017 |Titel=Management of sodium sulfate damage to polychrome stone and buildings |Bibtex=@inproceedings {Thickett.etal:2017, title = {Management of sodium sulfate damage to polychrome stone and buildings}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {135-142}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/330}, author = {Thickett, David; Stanley, Bethan} } |DOI=10.5165/hawk-hhg/330 |Link=Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 135-142 Thickett Stanley.pdf |Bemerkungen = in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017 }} Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Thickett.etal:2017]

     Thickett, David; Stanley, Bethan (2017): Management of sodium sulfate damage to polychrome stone and buildings. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 135-142, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/330.

     Abstract

     English Heritage holds large collections of polychrome stone. Often the polychromy only remains as small fragments, loosely adhered to the stone surface with any original binders having converted to oxalate. The sixteenth century limestone Thetford Tomb fragments are amongst the most significant part of the collection. Salt analyses indicated very high concentrations of sodium sulfate present, (up to 1.5% by mass of the stone). Considering the very fragile nature of the remaining polychromy and the aggressive nature of this salt, strict preventive conservation is needed to ensure survival of the information. Theoretically, keeping the RH below the thenardite transition line (the RH is temperature dependant) should avoid any damaging salt transitions. Monitoring with acoustic emission in the storage environment, provided a direct tracing of salt transitions. When plotted against temperature, it became clear that transitions were occurring at between 3 and 7% lower RH than expected from theory. Tests with pure sodium sulfate powder coincided with the theoretical values. The most likely reason is the effect of the pore structure, particularly fine pores. The values are consistent for a single piece of stone and vary between pieces. A good correlation was observed between acoustic emission events and small pieces appearing on the imaging plate of a prototype particle deposition analyser. Loss of material from two interior building surfaces was monitored using a similar automated camera system. Inspection of the environmental data when material fell, shows similar depression of the RH below the theoretical values for sodium sulfate.
114. Cit:Wedekind.etal:2017
     {{Literatur

     Autor	Wedekind, Wanja; Fischer, Helge
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Evaluation of desalination and restoration methods applied in Petra (Jordan)
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Wedekind.etal:2017, title = {Evaluation of desalination and restoration methods applied in Petra (Jordan)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {190-199}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/336}, author = {Wedekind, Wanja; Fischer, Helge} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/336
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 190-199 Wedekind Fischer.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Wedekind.etal:2017]

     Wedekind, Wanja; Fischer, Helge (2017): Evaluation of desalination and restoration methods applied in Petra (Jordan). In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 190-199, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/336.

     Abstract

     One of the major causes for the deterioration of historical monuments made up of sandstones can be attributed to the circulation and evaporation of salt laden fluids percolating through the rock material, an aspect that has been either overlooked or neglected in previous restoration attempts, often with damaging consequences. Particularly the lack of consideration for the importance of a quantitative analysis of the salt content of the rock, has led to adverse effects in subsequent restoration attempts. In the course of restoration of antique tombs no. 825 and 826 in the world heritage site of Petra the role of salt in the weathering process was fully taken into account and the restoration process executed accordingly. With regard to the desalination two different methods were applied: the poultice method and the sprinkling method. The degree of desalination was in both cases intermittently measured until the concentration of the rock was evaluated to be low enough to initiate the restoration process with application of the selected restoration mortar. Its condition was then probed by long term successive inspections. This study discusses the results and limits of both procedures and the techniques and methods applied in the course of the restoration of the two monuments.
115. Cit:Wong.etal:2017
     

     Autor	Wong, Lori; Bomin, Su; Xiaowe, Wang; Rava, Amarilli; Agnew, Neville
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Salt-induced flaking of wall paintings at the Mogao Grottoes, China
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Wong.etal:2017, title = {Salt-induced flaking of wall paintings at the Mogao Grottoes, China}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {285-296}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/348}, author = {Wong, Lori; Bomin, Su; Xiaowe, Wang; Rava, Amarilli; Agnew, Neville} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/348
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 285-296 Wong Bomin Xiaowei Rava Agnew.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Proceedings of SWBSS 2017 - Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures. University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Wong.etal:2017]

     Wong, Lori; Bomin, Su; Xiaowe, Wang; Rava, Amarilli; Agnew, Neville (2017): Salt-induced flaking of wall paintings at the Mogao Grottoes, China. In: Laue, Steffen (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017,Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam 285-296, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/348.

     Abstract

     The Mogao Grottoes, a World Heritage Site in northwest China, is known for its surviving 492 painted Buddhist cave temples. Commissioned over a thousand year period, from the fourth to the fourteenth centuries, the caves were hewn into a 1.6 km long cliff face and the wall paintings executed on earthen plasters. Situated in a remote and arid desert landscape, these painted caves have endured throughout the centuries but many have also suffered from salt-related deterioration. Repeat cycles of treatment for flaking on salt-damaged wall paintings have caused worsening of conditions resulting in significant loss of painted plaster. A research project to study this intractable problem and to develop and implement improved treatment methods was undertaken as part of a collaboration between the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and the Dunhuang Academy (DA) under China’s State Administration for Cultural Heritage (SACH). This case study looks at the activation mechanisms and deterioration processes of salt-induced flaking and highlights the development and implementation of remedial and preventive measures to prevent further loss from occurring. Topics investigated include the material composition of the paintings and plaster, previous treatments, salt identification and distribution, environmental conditions and the impact of increased humidity. Results show that past treatment of flaking wall painting with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) created a film-like barrier that reduced permeability and trapped salts below the painted surface. This led to a build up of salts that when exposed to periods of high humidity caused disruption and powdering of the plaster from cycles of deliquescence and crystallization; the consolidated upper layer, then separated and lifted, in a new form of flaking, referred to as exfoliation. The study also aimed to improve methods of condition monitoring to better assess when change due to salt activity occurs and to implement findings from the Visitor Carrying Capacity Study for the site. This included identifying caves at risk of salt-related deterioration and closing them to visitation during periods of high humidity.
116. Cit:Lenz:2017
     

     Autor	Lenz, Roland
     Jahr	2017
     Titel	Systemoptimierte Salzminderungskompressen (Material – Wirkung)
     Bibtex	@inproceedings {Lenzz:2017, title = {Systemoptimierte Salzminderungskompressen (Material – Wirkung)}, booktitle = {Retrospektive und Perspektive : Methoden und Techniken in der Wandmalereirestaurierung}, year = {2017}, pages = {123-133}, organization = {Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege}, publisher = {Volk Verlag}, note = {fulltext}, author = {Lenz,Roland} }
     DOI	10.5165/hawk-hhg/368
     Link	Datei:SR 17 PerspektiveRetrospektive Wand Lenz S123-133.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Retrospektive und Perspektive. Methoden und Techniken in der Wandmalereirestaurierung, Werkstattgespräch des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege im Literaturhaus München, 9. und 10. Mai 2106, Schriftenreihe des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Nr. 17, Volk Verlag, München 2017, S. 123-133

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Lenz:2017]

     Lenz, Roland (2017): Systemoptimierte Salzminderungskompressen (Material – Wirkung). In: Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege (Hrsg.): Retrospektive und Perspektive. Methoden und Techniken in der Wandmalereirestaurierung ,Volk Verlag 123-133, 10.5165/hawk-hhg/368.

     Abstract

     Die Reduzierung von löslichen Salzen aus porösen Gefügen stellt eine der wichtigsten konservatorischen Maßnahmen bei der Behandlung von Wandmalereien und Architekturoberflächen dar. Durch Lösungsprozesse und anschließende Auskristallisierung von Salzen und Salzgemischen entstehen Gefügeschäden oder Ausblühungen. Zudem werden durch Porenfüllungen mit Salzen und Salzlösungen wichtige konservatorische Maßnahmen erschwert oder unmöglich gemacht. Die Anwendung von Salzminderungskompressen ist derzeit – neben präventiven Maßnahmen zur Klimakontrolle , um Aus- und Umkristallisationen zu verhindern, oder der Umwandlung in schwer lösliche Salze – eine der gängigen Methoden zur Salzreduktion. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick zur Anwendung von Salzminderungskompressen aus restauratorischer Sicht und geht auf eine einfache Methode zur Überprüfung der Wirkungsweise von Kompressen in Abhängigkeit zum Substrat ein.
117. Cit:AbuAlhassan:2018
     

     Autor	Abu Alhassan, Yazan
     Jahr	2018
     Titel	The use of sodium ferrocyanide for the removal of salt from stone, exemplified for sandstones from Petra - Jordan
     Bibtex	@phdthesis {AbuAlhassan:2018, title = {The use of sodium ferrocyanide for the removal of salt from stone, exemplified for sandstones from Petra - Jordan}, school = {RWTH Aachen University}, year = {2018}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Aachen}, note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018}, url = {http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/729451}, doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2018-226422}, author = {Abu Alhassan, Yazan} }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-2018-226422
     Link	Datei:Phdthesis AbuAlhassan 2018 UniAachen-729451.pdf
     Bemerkungen	Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018, Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [AbuAlhassan:2018]

     Abu Alhassan, Yazan (2018): The use of sodium ferrocyanide for the removal of salt from stone, exemplified for sandstones from Petra - Jordan. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, Webadresse, https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-2018-226422

     Abstract

     Salt weathering is considered one of the most decisive factors for damage on the rock-cut monuments in Petra / Jordan. The monuments are contaminated with salt by rain, water runoff and capillaries which results in complex mixtures of different salts causing damage to the stone. The risk our cultural heritage currently faces from salts might lead to its irretrievable loss. Although the problem is prevalent worldwide, appropriate conservation methods and techniques have not yet been fully explored. Entire removal of salts will not be possible in the case of the Petra monuments. However, partial removal of salts might at least slow down the destruction process currently threatening the rock-cut monuments of Petra. Even so, the traditional techniques of desalination, so far mainly with respect to the use of poultices have not yet achieved considerable success. New approaches are needed for improved desalination efforts and/or mitigation of salt weathering processes. A quite new field of research is the use of salt crystallization inhibitors/modifiers. It has attracted interest in the improvement of desalination as well as for reducing aggressiveness and damage potential of salt weathering regimes. In this context, previous research has shown that the use of sodium ferrocyanide might turn out as a promising treatment measure for removal of salt, as it has the ability to transport salt to the surface and thus promote the formation of efflorescences instead of subflorescences. To date, however, fundamental knowledge with respect to the interaction of such additives with salts in stone monuments and its implications on stone deterioration processes is still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of (Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate (Na4Fe(CN)6.10H2O) with respect to removability of salt from stone. Different sandstones from Petra were chosen for this study. The methodological approaches comprise basic petrographical - petrophysical investigations, 1st treatment with salts, 2nd treatment with crystallization inhibitors (different concentrations) and evaluation with respect to removability of salts. The results showed that the presence of inhibitor modifies the drying time of salt solutions inside the samples and makes the drying process faster than the drying of samples salinated with salts only. This allows the migration of a salt solution from the samples up to their surface, which results in the formation of non-destructive efflorescences rather than destructive subflorescences. The success of the treatment by the crystallization inhibitor is controlled with the formation of efflorescences, which was higher in the case of samples containing a mixture of salts than the samples salinated with pure single salt only.

     Die Nabatäerstadt Petra im Südwesten Jordaniens gehört zu den bedeutendsten Kulturstätten weltweit. An den berühmten Felsmonumenten in Petra sind im Laufe der Zeit Schäden von teilweise erheblichem Ausmaß entstanden. Die Salzverwitterung stellt nach Expertenmeinung eine wesentliche Ursache für diese Schäden dar. Salze werden infolge Beregnung, Wasserabfluss oder aufsteigender Feuchte in die Felsmonumente eingetragen. Durch die komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen den Gesteinen, der Salze und den Umweltbedingungen werden Salzverwitterungsprozesse ausgelöst, die dann zu Schäden unterschiedlichster Art und Intensität führen und damit schließlich zum Verlust wertvollen kulturellen Erbes. Die Salzverwitterung ist weltweit ein Problem an Steinmonumenten. Entsprechend groß ist das Spektrum bisher entwickelter Methoden /Techniken zur Entsalzung von Bauwerksgesteinen als Maßnahme zum Bauwerksschutz. Im besonderen Fall der peträischen Felsmonumente ist ein vollständiges Entfernen der Salze nicht möglich. Jedoch könnte bereits eine partielle Entfernung der Salze den Schadensfortschritt zumindest verlangsam. Da bisher angewandte Techniken zur Entsalzung hier nicht den gewünschten Erfolg gezeigt haben, sind neue Ansätze für effektive und nachhaltig wirksame Lösungen nötig. Ein neues internationales Forschungsfeld in diesem Zusammenhang stellt der Einsatz von Salzkristallisationsinhibitoren dar. Ziel der Anwendung dieser Produkte ist es, das Salzkristallisationsverhalten im Gestein so zu verändern, dass Aggressivität der Salzverwitterungsprozesse und damit ihre Schädigungspotentiale deutlich eingeschränkt werden können. Bisherige Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Verwendung von Natriumferrocyanid (Na4[Fe(CN)6]) eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur Entsalzung von Gestein darstellen kann, da dieser Stoff die Fähigkeit zeigt, das Auskristallisieren von Salzen an der Gesteinsoberfläche in Form leicht entfernbarer Effloreszenzen zu begünstigen. Jedoch ist das Wissen über Entsalzung mittels Natriumferrocyanid noch recht lückenhaft. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Potential und Effizienz von Natriumferrocyanid in Hinblick auf die Entsalzung von repräsentativen Bauwerksgesteinen aus Petra / Jordanien genauer zu untersuchen. Zunächst wurden petrographisch-petrophysikalische Untersuchungen an den Gesteinen durchgeführt. In einer ersten Versuchsreihe wurden die Gesteinsproben mit einer gesättigten Halit-Lösung (NaCl) vorbehandelt und anschließend mit Natriumferrocyanid-Lösungen unterschiedlicher Konzentration behandelt. In einer zweiten Versuchsreihe wurde die Verwendung von Natriumferrocyanid erstmals für ein Salzgemisch (Halit - NaCl, Sylvin - KCl) im Gestein untersucht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse bestätigen das Potential von Natriumferrocyanid in Hinblick auf die Entfernbarkeit leicht löslicher Salze aus den Sandsteinen Petras. Dies betrifft Halit als Einzelsalz im Gestein, und noch in erfolgreicherem Ausmaß das Salzgemisch aus Halit und Sylvin.
118. Cit:Steiger:2005c
     

     Autor	Steiger, M.
     Jahr	2005
     Titel	Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation
     Bibtex	@article { Steiger:2005c, title = {Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation}, journal = {Restoration of Buildings and Monuments}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {419-432}, fulltext = {file:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 419-432 (2005)-Steiger.pdf}, author = {Steiger, Michael} }
     DOI	-
     Link	-
     Bemerkungen	in: Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, 11 (6), S. 419-432

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Steiger:2005c]

     Steiger, Michael (2005): Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation. In: Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, 11 (6), 419-432

119. Cit:Abuku.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Abuku, M.; Ishii ,K.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	PMSolver: development of a generic fem code for heat, moisture, and salt transfer and deformation in porous materials
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Abuku.etal:2021, title = {PMSolver: development of a generic fem code for heat, moisture, and salt transfer and deformation in porous materials }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {187-189}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Abuku, M. and Ishii K.} }
     DOI
     Link	https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/images/1/10/SWBSS-2021_Abuku_etal.pdf https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:SWBSS-2021_Abuku_etal.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 187-189

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Abuku.etal:2021]

     Abuku, M.; Ishii K. (2021): PMSolver: development of a generic fem code for heat, moisture, and salt transfer and deformation in porous materials . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 187-189, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Finite element method, poromechanics, salt crystallization, seepage flow

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
120. Cit:Balksten.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Balksten, K.; Strandberg-de Bruijn, P.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Internal retrofitting with hemp-lime on brick masonry - A study to prevent damage caused by sodium sulphate
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Balksten.etal:2021, title = {Internal retrofitting with hemp-lime on brick masonry - A study to prevent damage caused by sodium sulphate }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {277-286}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In Sweden there are a great number of neo-gothic churches built in brick masonry around 1870-1910. They are constructed as massive masonry walls with façade bricks attached to a core of massive red bricks. In the majority of these churches there is a presence of sodium sulphate causing salt damages. The source of the salts is known to be the red masonry bricks and the damage occurs both internally and externally on the walls. Damages occurred already after a couple of years after the churches were built and ever since they caused expensive renovations with little or no durability. As the sodium sulphate crystallizes inside the plaster the damages cause spalling of the surface. Since 2016 a method to prevent or delay salt damages has been studied and evaluated. By adding a layer of insulation on the internal wall the microclimate on and nearby the plaster surface can be changed and the damages caused by crystallization decrease. When adding an insulating layer made by hemp-lime plaster before adding the lime plaster the salts cause less visible damage to the internal plaster. Full-scale test surfaces have been made both in the laboratory and inside two churches. After two and three years respectively, there are no visible salts causing damages inside the churches, where salts previously came back directly after each renovation. In the wall in the laboratory at Lund University the bricks where contaminated with sodium sulphate and internally rendered with hemp -lime plaster with a lime plaster surface finish. Even though there are lots of salt-related damages externally there are thus far, more than two years after construction, no signs of any damage internally.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Balksten, K. and Strandberg-de Bruijn, P. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 277-286

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Balksten.etal:2021]

     Balksten, K.; Strandberg-de Bruijn, P. (2021): Internal retrofitting with hemp-lime on brick masonry - A study to prevent damage caused by sodium sulphate . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 277-286, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt damage, brick masonry, hemp-lime, retrofitting, sodium sulphate

     Abstract

     In Sweden there are a great number of neo-gothic churches built in brick masonry around 1870-1910. They are constructed as massive masonry walls with façade bricks attached to a core of massive red bricks. In the majority of these churches there is a presence of sodium sulphate causing salt damages. The source of the salts is known to be the red masonry bricks and the damage occurs both internally and externally on the walls. Damages occurred already after a couple of years after the churches were built and ever since they caused expensive renovations with little or no durability. As the sodium sulphate crystallizes inside the plaster the damages cause spalling of the surface. Since 2016 a method to prevent or delay salt damages has been studied and evaluated. By adding a layer of insulation on the internal wall the microclimate on and nearby the plaster surface can be changed and the damages caused by crystallization decrease. When adding an insulating layer made by hemp-lime plaster before adding the lime plaster the salts cause less visible damage to the internal plaster. Full-scale test surfaces have been made both in the laboratory and inside two churches. After two and three years respectively, there are no visible salts causing damages inside the churches, where salts previously came back directly after each renovation. In the wall in the laboratory at Lund University the bricks where contaminated with sodium sulphate and internally rendered with hemp

     -lime plaster with a lime plaster surface finish. Even though there are lots of salt-related damages externally there are thus far, more than two years after construction, no signs of any damage internally.
121. Cit:Bartholdy.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Bartholdy, J.; Klenz Larsen, P.; Brajer, I.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Hydrogels as poultice material for desalination – a preliminary study
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Bartholdy.etal:2021, title = {Hydrogels as poultice material for desalination – a preliminary study}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {215-224}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the field of conservation, hydrogels have shown efficacy in extracting embedded soot and dirt from wall paintings and other materials. The gels’ inherent properties are also advantageous and may be exploited in relation to desalination of fragile surfaces. In this pilot study, the ability of six hydrogels to absorb and extract salts was tested (Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 5 , Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 6, Nanorestore Gel® HWR, Nanorestore Gel® MWR and gel of 2-3% AgarArt). In the first experiment, changes in the gels’ physical characteristics in terms of weight and texture upon contact with different solutions of NaCl were registered. In the second experiment, the gels were applied to specimens of clay brick contaminated with sodium chloride. Their ability to extract salts was subsequently tested by immersing gels in water, and then measuring the Cl- content using test strips.The experiments show that some hydrogels absorb salts to a degree that make them suitable as poultic e materials in desalination. Furthermore, the salt uptake takes place in minutes, which is extraordinary compared to traditional poultice materials. The experiments also show which hydrogels are unsuitable as poultice material.The results of this pilot study give credence to further studies on the physical/chemical properties of hydrogels determining their ability to extract salts.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Bartholdy, J. and Klenz Larsen, P. and Brajer, I.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 215-224

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Bartholdy.etal:2021]

     Bartholdy, J.; Klenz Larsen, P.; Brajer, I. (2021): Hydrogels as poultice material for desalination – a preliminary study. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 215-224, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Desalination, poultices, hydrogels, salt damage, wall paintings

     Abstract

     In the field of conservation, hydrogels have shown efficacy in extracting embedded soot and dirt from wall paintings and other materials. The gels’ inherent properties are also advantageous and may be exploited in relation to desalination of fragile surfaces. In this pilot study, the ability of six hydrogels to absorb and extract salts was tested (Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 5 , Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 6, Nanorestore Gel® HWR, Nanorestore Gel® MWR and gel of 2-3% AgarArt). In the first experiment, changes in the gels’ physical characteristics in terms of weight and texture upon contact with different solutions of NaCl were registered. In the second experiment, the gels were applied to specimens of clay brick contaminated with sodium chloride. Their ability to extract salts was subsequently tested by immersing gels in water, and then measuring the Cl- content using test strips.The experiments show that some hydrogels absorb salts to a degree that make them suitable as poultice materials in desalination. Furthermore, the salt uptake takes place in minutes, which is extraordinary compared to traditional poultice materials. The experiments also show which hydrogels are unsuitable as poultice material.The results of this pilot study give credence to further studies on the physical/chemical properties of hydrogels determining their ability to extract salts.
122. Cit:Caroselli.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Caroselli, M.; Iazurlo, P.; Acquistapace, G.; Uccelli, M.; Guglielmetti, M.; Pidò, A.; Piqué, F.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	How to live with soluble salts: the conservation of the 9th and 12th c. wall paintings at Riva san Vitale (CH)
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Caroselli.etal:2021, title = {How to live with soluble salts: the conservation of the 9th and 12th c. wall paintings at Riva san Vitale (CH)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {345-354}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The Baptistery of San Giovanni in Riva San Vitale (Switzerland) is an extraordinary example of early Christian architecture dating back to the 5th century. It contains some of the earliest wall paintings of the Canton Tessin, dating from the 9th to 15th century, often overlapping in a complex stratigraphy and surviving only in portions. Between 1953 and 1955 the building underwent an important architectural and painting restoration project. Since 2017 the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) is involved in the study and conservation of the wall paintings. Following preliminary research aimed to collect background information, a thorough condition assessment identified and mapped the different deterioration phenomena affecting the interior surfaces. The most challenging deterioration problem is related to the presence of soluble salts. The on-going diagnostic study includes the identification of the salts, their crystalline habits and the interior microclimate. This is necessary to plan an adequate intervention to stabilize the wall paintings. Salts efflorescence were analyzed with Polarized Light Microscopy and FT-IR ATR spectroscopy. Moisture distribution and hygroscopicity were assessed in various interior and exterior points through microcore sampling. The results showed that salt efflorescences are mainly composed of gypsum and epsomite and that moisture is present due to capillary rise and infiltrations. The presence of gypsum is due to materials used in previous interventions. The deterioration mechanism is on-going and during the first wall painting conservation campaign ( Fall of 2020)the decision was taken not to treat the areas actively affected by salts, but to monitor them over time in order to understand their behaviors and take an educated decision in the near future.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Caroselli, M. and Iazurlo, P. and Acquistapace, G. and Uccelli, M. and Guglielmetti, M. and Pidò, A. and Piqué, F. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 345-354

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Caroselli.etal:2021]

     Caroselli, M.; Iazurlo, P.; Acquistapace, G.; Uccelli, M.; Guglielmetti, M.; Pidò, A.; Piqué, F. (2021): How to live with soluble salts: the conservation of the 9th and 12th c. wall paintings at Riva san Vitale (CH). In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 345-354, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Soluble salts, monitoring, conservation work

     Abstract

     The Baptistery of San Giovanni in Riva San Vitale (Switzerland) is an extraordinary example of early Christian architecture dating back to the 5th century. It contains some of the earliest wall paintings of the Canton Tessin, dating from the 9th to 15th century, often overlapping in a complex stratigraphy and surviving only in portions. Between 1953 and 1955 the building underwent an important architectural and painting restoration project. Since 2017 the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) is involved in the study and conservation of the wall paintings. Following preliminary research aimed to collect background information, a thorough condition assessment identified and mapped the different deterioration phenomena affecting the interior surfaces. The most challenging deterioration problem is related to the presence of soluble salts. The on-going diagnostic study includes the identification of the salts, their crystalline habits and the interior microclimate. This is necessary to plan an adequate intervention to stabilize the wall paintings. Salts efflorescence were analyzed with Polarized Light Microscopy and FT-IR ATR spectroscopy. Moisture distribution and hygroscopicity were assessed in various interior and exterior points through microcore sampling. The results showed that salt efflorescences are mainly composed of gypsum and epsomite and that moisture is present due to capillary rise and infiltrations. The presence of gypsum is due to materials used in previous interventions. The deterioration mechanism is on-going and during the first wall painting conservation campaign (Fall of 2020) the decision was taken not to treat the areas actively affected by salts, but to monitor them over time in order to understand their behaviors and take an educated decision in the near future.
123. Cit:Crevals.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Crevals, V.; Godts, S.; Desarnaud, J.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Salt problems and climate control in the case of the church of Sint-Aldegondis in Mespelare, Belgium, an ECOS/RUNSALT approach
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Crevals.etal:2021, title = {Salt problems and climate control in the case of the church of Sint-Aldegondis in Mespelare, Belgium, an ECOS/RUNSALT approach}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {13-20}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the church of Sint-Aldegonis in Mespelare, Belgium, severe damage was observed on the plaster and brick masonry caused by the exposure to salts and moisture. Adding to the complexity, the church houses important murals from the 14th to the 18th century that are also affected. To assess the situation and provide advice, both moisture and salt contents were analysed. The actual and hygroscopic moisture contents were determined gravimetrically, and the quantification of the ions was carried out by ion chromatography. The results show extreme concentrations of moisture and salts, with salt contents, excluding gypsum, up to 17 wt.%, containing, besides sodium carbonate, mainly sodium chloride and sodium sulfate and in lower quantities also potassium chloride and potassium nitrate. The results show extreme concentrations of moisture and salts. The values of the ion mixtures were used to model the behaviour of the salts in changing climatic conditions with ECOS/RUNSALT. Furthermore, the theoretically determined crystalli sation behaviour of several salt solutions was further investigated within a micro-climate chamber at 95 %RH and Raman spectroscopy. At this RH gypsum and gorgeyite formed in the salt solution derived from the plaster. The results led to the conclusion that once rising damp is stopped and the RH is maintained below 60 %, the main phase transitions of the salt mixtures could be prevented, thus minimizing future salt damage to the masonry and murals. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Crevals, V. and Godts, S. and Desarnaud, J.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 13-20

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Crevals.etal:2021]

     Crevals, V.; Godts, S.; Desarnaud, J. (2021): Salt problems and climate control in the case of the church of Sint-Aldegondis in Mespelare, Belgium, an ECOS/RUNSALT approach. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 13-20, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Vulnerability, salinization, global heating, policymaking

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
124. Cit:De Kock.etal:2021
     

     Autor	De Kock, T.; Orr, S.A.; Guilbert, D.; Godts, S.; Caluwaerts, S.; Cnudde, V.; Desarnaud, J.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Implications of using meteorological records to assess the environmental risk of salt crystallization cycles in stone
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { De Kock.etal:2021, title = {Implications of using meteorological records to assess the environmental risk of salt crystallization cycles in stone }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {31-39}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Salt crystallization and dissolution cycles can significantly contribute to the degradation of stone, brick and mortar.One year of meteorological observations is used to evaluate the environmental risk using a threshold approach for a NaCl single salt. We illustrate the effect of boundary conditions such as the averaging timeframe and the minimum RH on the determined number of salt phase transitions, which are informed by droplet experiments. Additionally, the mitigating effect of crystallization within a porous substrate is explored using heat-air-moisture simulations. The results provide a better understanding of regional and seasonal differences in the environmental risk of salt weathering. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {De Kock, T. and Orr, S.A. and Guilbert, D. and Godts, S. and Caluwaerts, S. and Cnudde, V. and Desarnaud, J. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 31-39

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [De Kock.etal:2021]

     De Kock, T.; Orr, S.A.; Guilbert, D.; Godts, S.; Caluwaerts, S.; Cnudde, V.; Desarnaud, J. (2021): Implications of using meteorological records to assess the environmental risk of salt crystallization cycles in stone . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 31-39, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt, cycling, environmental risk, meteorological data, stone, conservation

     Abstract

     Salt crystallization and dissolution cycles can significantly contribute to the degradation of stone, brick and mortar.One year of meteorological observations is used to evaluate the environmental risk using a threshold approach for a NaCl single salt. We illustrate the effect of boundary conditions such as the averaging timeframe and the minimum RH on the determined number of salt phase transitions, which are informed by droplet experiments. Additionally, the mitigating effect of crystallization within a porous substrate is explored using heat-air-moisture simulations. The results provide a better understanding of regional and seasonal differences in the environmental risk of salt weathering.
125. Cit:Ergenç.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Ergenç, D.; Akgül, Ç. M.; Cizer, Ö.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	A green salt mitigation technique for archaeological bricks
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Ergenç.etal:2021, title = {A green salt mitigation technique for archaeological bricks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {263-272}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In historic masonry structures, rising damp is the main source of moisture and salt. Damage due to moisture and salts is augmented after archaeological research, where decay occurs before and after excavation. This study investigates the conservation of salt-damaged fired bricks dating back to the Roman period from the archaeological site Sagalassos through desalination with a sacrificial rendering mortar incorporating bamboo biochar as a novel additive. The brick samples were first freed from salt and then exposed to controlled sodium sulfate contamination. The sacrificial rendering mortar was applied to the salt-contaminated bricks. Half of the samples was left as-is, while the other half was placed in 1 cm water to mimic rising damp conditions. This procedure was repeated several times. After each application, the salt amount at different depths was measured in the bricks. The effect of biochar on the developed mortars and the desalination efficiency of the mortars were assessed, using Dino Lite digital microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRF, ion chromatography, XRD, and TGA-DTA. Preliminary results suggest that utilization of biochar incorporating sacrificial mortar is a promising ecologically friendly solution for salt mitigation.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ergenç, D. and Akgül, Ç. M. and Cizer, Ö.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 263-272

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Ergenç.etal:2021]

     Ergenç, D.; Akgül, Ç. M.; Cizer, Ö. (2021): A green salt mitigation technique for archaeological bricks. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 263-272, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Sacrificial mortar, bamboo biochar, Roman brick, salt, desalination

     Abstract

     In historic masonry structures, rising damp is the main source of moisture and salt. Damage due to moisture and salts is augmented after archaeological research, where decay occurs before and after excavation. This study investigates the conservation of salt-damaged fired bricks dating back to the Roman period from the archaeological site Sagalassos through desalination with a sacrificial rendering mortar incorporating bamboo biochar as a novel additive. The brick samples were first freed from salt and then exposed to controlled sodium sulfate contamination. The sacrificial rendering mortar was applied to the salt-contaminated bricks. Half of the samples was left as-is, while the other half was placed in 1 cm water to mimic rising damp conditions. This procedure was repeated several times. After each application, the salt amount at different depths was measured in the bricks. The effect of biochar on the developed mortars and the desalination efficiency of the mortars were assessed, using Dino Lite digital microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRF, ion chromatography, XRD, and TGA-DTA. Preliminary results suggest that utilization of biochar incorporating sacrificial mortar is a promising ecologically friendly solution for salt mitigation.
126. Cit:Eslami.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Eslami, N.; Feijoo, J.; Paz -Garcia, J.; Franzoni, E.; Ottosen, L. M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Electro-osmosis and capillary suction
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Eslami.etal:2021, title = {Electro-osmosis and capillary suction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Dampness in masonries is a major problem in many buildings and monuments worldwide. Techniques based on electro-osmosis have been proposed as conservation methods to dehumidify masonry subjected to capillary suction. Although electroosmotic techniques have been applied for decades, the effect is still debated.This paper reports an experimental investigation on electro-osmosis in single bricks in a laboratory setup originally designed for electro -desalination. Two types of bricks were used. The samples had different lengths and different initial water content. A poultice composition was designed with neglectable electroosmotic effect and effective buffering of the acid produced from the electrode process at the anode. Four poultices with different concentrations of CaCO3 and kaolinite were examined, and the poultice consisting of calcium carbonate:kaolinite:water with the ratio of 40:10:50 (wt  %) fulfilled the requirement. It was seen that more the kaolinite in the mixture, more the electro-osmosis. A constant voltage of 75V was applied to the electrodes in each end of the setup. The zeta potential of the bricks was comparable to the zeta potential in kaolinite, and thus electro-osmosis in the bricks was expected. However, the water content reached saturation all through the brick specimens in every experiment, and there was no difference in water content in the two poultices. Thus, the capillary forces causing water suction into the bricks from the poultices were the strongest and overshadowed the possible electroosmotic effect. Therefore, this work shows that capillary forces need to be taken into account when designing setups for evaluation of electro-osmosis in materials with strong capillarity. The same is valid for in real applications, in case a continuous source of water is present.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Eslami, N. and Feijoo, J. and Paz -Garcia, J. and Franzoni, E. and Ottosen, L. M.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 241-250

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Eslami.etal:2021]

     Eslami, N.; Feijoo, J.; Paz -Garcia, J.; Franzoni, E.; Ottosen, L. M. (2021): Electro-osmosis and capillary suction. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 241-250, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Electro-osmosis, zeta potential, water content, bricks, capillary suction

     Abstract

     Dampness in masonries is a major problem in many buildings and monuments worldwide. Techniques based on electro-osmosis have been proposed as conservation methods to dehumidify masonry subjected to capillary suction. Although electroosmotic techniques have been applied for decades, the effect is still debated.This paper reports an experimental investigation on electro-osmosis in single bricks in a laboratory setup originally designed for electro -desalination. Two types of bricks were used. The samples had different lengths and different initial water content. A poultice composition was designed with neglectable electroosmotic effect and effective buffering of the acid produced from the electrode process at the anode. Four poultices with different concentrations of CaCO3 and kaolinite were examined, and the poultice consisting of calcium carbonate:kaolinite:water with the

     ratio of 40:10:50 (wt  %) fulfilled the requirement. It was seen that more the kaolinite in the mixture, more the electro-osmosis. A constant voltage of 75V was applied to the electrodes in each end of the setup. The zeta potential of the bricks was comparable to the zeta potential in kaolinite, and thus electro-osmosis in the bricks was expected. However, the water content reached saturation all through the brick specimens in every experiment, and there was no difference in water content in the two poultices. Thus, the capillary forces causing water suction into the bricks from the poultices were the strongest and overshadowed the possible electroosmotic effect. Therefore, this work shows that capillary forces need to be taken into account when designing setups for evaluation of electro-osmosis in materials with strong capillarity. The same is valid for in real applications, in case a continuous source of water is present.
127. Cit:Franzoni.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Franzoni, E.; Sassoni, E.; Marrone, C.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Development of hydroxyapatitechitosan-based treatments for the mitigation of salt damage in globigerina limestone
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Franzoni.etal:2021, title = {Development of hydroxyapatitechitosan-based treatments for the mitigation of salt damage in globigerina limestone }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {233-240}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Many soft limestones used in heritage buildings in the Mediterranean area are af fected by salt crystallization, leading to alveolization and dramatic stoneloss. To fight saltinduced deterioration of stone, different treatments were recently proposed, aimed at modifying the crystallization of salts during either the nucleation or growth of the crystals. In particular, strategies based on crystallization inhibitors and promoters were studied in the literature. In this paper, a new two-step treatment was applied to Globigerina limestone samples. The treatment consists in the application of an aqueous solution based on diammonium hydrogen phosphate, followed by the application of a chitosan solution. The first one produces aninorganic layer of calcium phosphate phases (mainly hydroxyapatite) and is aimed not only at consolidating the stone and preventing calcite dissolution, but also at providing a rough anchoring substrate for chitosan. The second layer is formed by chitosan, a biopolymer that was shown to have an inhibiting action on the crystallization of sodium sulphate. The two solutions were applied to the limestone samples both alone and combined, adopting different concentrations.The effects of the treatments were investigated in terms of phase formation, pore size distribution modification and change in the dynamic elastic modulus. Then, treated and untreated limestone samples were subjected to an accelerated crystallization procedure in laboratory, to evaluate the benefits deriving from the treatments. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Franzoni, E. and Sassoni, E. and Marrone, C.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 233-240

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Franzoni.etal:2021]

     Franzoni, E.; Sassoni, E.; Marrone, C. (2021): Development of hydroxyapatitechitosan-based treatments for the mitigation of salt damage in globigerina limestone . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 233-240, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt crystallization test, biopolymers, chitosan, phosphatic consolidants, UPV

     Abstract

     Many soft limestones used in heritage buildings in the Mediterranean area are affected by salt crystallization, leading to alveolization and dramatic stoneloss. To fight saltinduced deterioration of stone, different treatments were recently proposed, aimed at modifying the crystallization of salts during either the nucleation or growth of the crystals. In particular, strategies based on crystallization inhibitors and promoters were studied in the literature.

     In this paper, a new two-step treatment was applied to Globigerina limestone samples. The treatment consists in the application of an aqueous solution based on diammonium hydrogen phosphate, followed by the application of a chitosan solution. The first one produces aninorganic layer of calcium phosphate phases (mainly hydroxyapatite) and is aimed not only at consolidating the stone and preventing calcite dissolution, but also at providing a rough anchoring substrate for chitosan. The second layer is formed by chitosan, a biopolymer that was shown to have an inhibiting action on the crystallization of sodium sulphate.The two solutions were applied to the limestone samples both alone and combined, adopting different concentrations.The effects of the treatments were investigated in terms of phase formation, pore size distribution modification and change in the dynamic elastic modulus. Then, treated and untreated limestone samples were subjected to an accelerated crystallization procedure in laboratory, to evaluate the benefits deriving from the treatments.
128. Cit:Godts.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Godts, S.; Steiger, M.; De Kock, T.; Desarnaud, J.; Orr, S.A.; Cnudde, V.; De Clercq, H.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Investigating the behavior of common salt mixtures in stone materials
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Godts.etal:2021, title = {Investigating the behavior of common salt mixtures in stone materials }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {49-51}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Godts, S. and Steiger, M. and De Kock, T. and Desarnaud, J. and Orr, S.A. and Cnudde, V. and De Clercq, H.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 49-51

     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Godts.etal:2021]

     Godts, S.; Steiger, M.; De Kock, T.; Desarnaud, J.; Orr, S.A.; Cnudde, V.; De Clercq, H. (2021): Investigating the behavior of common salt mixtures in stone materials . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 49-51, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt mixtures, common salts, salt behavior, climate, damage prediction

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
129. Cit:Gulotta.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Gulotta, D.; Godts, S.; De Kock, T.; Steiger, M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Comparative estimation of the pore filling of single salts in natural stone
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Gulotta.etal:2021, title = {Comparative estimation of the pore filling of single salts in natural stone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {79-88}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Estimating the pore filling due to salt crystallization in stones is crucial to determine the potential susceptibility to damage. Considering that salts tend to follow the path of least resistance when crystallizing, the pore space needs to be filled for damage to occur. Only when such a condition is achieved, the growing crystals can exert enough pressure against the pore wall to initiate the damage. However, calculating the pore filling is a tedious task and often overlooked. This paper discusses the results of two methodological approaches to estimate the pore filling in Maastricht stone samples subjected to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate contamination. The investigation is part of an ongoing technical committee developing a laboratory test to assess the durability of porous materials to salt crystallization (RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC). The first method exploits an image analysis approach using scanning electron microscopyon polished crosssections. The second method follows a theoretical approach based on the salt content data determined by ion chromatography, the molar mass and volume of Na2SO4(thenardite) and NaCl, the dry bulk density and o pen porosity of the Maastricht limestone. The deviations observed in the results from the two methods are discussed with respect to the potential methodological issues. Some possible strategies to mitigate such discrepancies are proposed. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Gulotta, D. and Godts, S. and De Kock, T. and Steiger, M.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 79-88

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Gulotta.etal:2021]

     Gulotta, D.; Godts, S.; De Kock, T.; Steiger, M. (2021): Comparative estimation of the pore filling of single salts in natural stone. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 79-88, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt crystallization, pore filling, image analysis, ionic chromatography, SEM

     Abstract

     Estimating the pore filling due to salt crystallization in stones is crucial to determine the potential susceptibility to damage. Considering that salts tend to follow the path of least resistance when crystallizing, the pore space needs to be filled for damage to occur. Only when such a condition is achieved, the growing crystals can exert enough pressure against the pore wall to initiate the damage. However, calculating the pore filling is a tedious task and often overlooked. This paper discusses the results of two methodological approaches to estimate the pore filling in Maastricht stone samples subjected to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate contamination. The investigation is part of an ongoing technical committee developing a laboratory test to assess the durability of porous materials to salt crystallization (RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC). The first method exploits an image analysis approach using scanning electron microscopyon polished crosssections. The second method follows a theoretical approach based on the salt content data determined by ion chromatography, the molar mass and volume of Na₂SO₄ (thenardite) and NaCl, the dry bulk density and open porosity of the Maastricht limestone. The deviations observed in the results from the two methods are discussed with respect to the

     potential methodological issues. Some possible strategies to mitigate such discrepancies are proposed.
130. Cit:Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Janvier-Badosa, S.; Beck, K.; Balawi, M. T.; Janvier, R.; Brunetaud, X.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Analysis of spalling in tuffeau: case study of the castles of Chambord and Chaumont-sur-Loire in France
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021, title = {Analysis of spalling in tuffeau: case study of the castles of Chambord and Chaumont-sur-Loire in France }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {327-335}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The main historic monuments of the Loire Valley in France are built with tuffeau. This very porous and soft siliceous limestone presents many technical and aesthetic advantages justifying its wide use. Among the most damaging degradations of tuffeau, spalling is the most destructive one. This study aimed at verifying the profiles of gypsum content observed in spalling of tuffeau at the castle of Chambord during a previous study. Here, samples from both the Castle of Chambord and from the Castle of Chaumont-sur-Loire were collected to provide more extensive and thus representative data for monuments made out of tuffeau in the Loire Valley. For all samples, in both castles, a systematic presence of gypsum was observed in areas subjected to spalling. The gypsum content is always very low at the surface and progressively increases (always around 1%) up to the depth of the zone where the crack is present, and then decreases along depth. No other salt was detected. This study also proved that preexistent cracking is not necessary for gypsum to crystallize. All these statements are totally in accordance with the previous study, hence allowing to confirm its representativeness. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Janvier-Badosa, S. and Beck, K. and Balawi, M. T. and Janvier, R. and Brunetaud, X. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 327-335

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021]

     Janvier-Badosa, S.; Beck, K.; Balawi, M. T.; Janvier, R.; Brunetaud, X. (2021): Analysis of spalling in tuffeau: case study of the castles of Chambord and Chaumont-sur-Loire in France . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 327-335, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Spalling, gypsum, limestone, tuffeau, case study

     Abstract

     The main historic monuments of the Loire Valley in France are built with tuffeau. This very porous and soft siliceous limestone presents many technical and aesthetic advantages justifying its wide use. Among the most damaging degradations of tuffeau, spalling is the most destructive one. This study aimed at verifying the profiles of gypsum content observed in spalling of tuffeau at the castle of Chambord during a previous study. Here, samples from both the Castle of Chambord and from the Castle of Chaumont-sur-Loire were collected to provide more extensive and thus representative data for monuments made out of tuffeau in the Loire Valley. For all samples, in both castles, a systematic presence of gypsum was observed in areas subjected to spalling. The gypsum content is always very low at the surface and progressively increases (always around 1%) up to the depth of the zone where the crack is present, and then decreases along depth. No other salt was detected. This study also proved that preexistent cracking is not necessary for gypsum to crystallize. All these statements are totally in accordance with the previous study, hence allowing to confirm its representativeness.
131. Cit:Kamat.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Kamat, A.; Lubelli, B.; Schlangen, E.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Effect of alkali ferrocyanides on crystallisation of sodium chloride: preliminary results
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Kamat.etal:2021, title = {Effect of alkali ferrocyanides on crystallisation of sodium chloride: preliminary results}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {109-118}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Sodium chloride (NaCl)is one of the ubiquitous soluble salts in the environment and is responsible for weathering of building materials. The salt weathering is attributed to the stress developed from crystallisation of these salts in pores of the building materials, with supersaturation as the driving force. In the last years, researchers have successfully mitigated the damage associated with the crystallisation of NaCl by the use of alkali -ferrocyanides (crystallisation inhibitors) in porous building materials. The observed mitigation of the damage has been attributed to lowering of the crystallisation pressure, possibly related to changes in the crystal habit and preferential crystallisation of the salt in the form of efflorescence instead of crypto-florescence. However, the effect of the inhibitor on the development of the so-called crystallisation pressure has not been studied in detail yet. In fact, direct measurement of this pressure is challenging and, until now, only a few experiments have been successful. In this research, an experimental set-up has been developed to directly measure the crystallisation forces of NaCl and the effect of fer- rocyanide on these, while visualizing the crystallization process under a microscope. Some preliminary tests using this set-up have been carried out: these consisted in monitoring force evolution from a drop of solution with and without the inhibitor confined between two glass plates.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kamat, A. and Lubelli, B. and Schlangen, E.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 109-118

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Kamat.etal:2021]

     Kamat, A.; Lubelli, B.; Schlangen, E. (2021): Effect of alkali ferrocyanides on crystallisation of sodium chloride: preliminary results. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 109-118, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Crystallisation pressure, direct measurement, sodium chloride, sodium ferrocyanide, 3D microscopy

     Abstract

     Sodium chloride (NaCl) is one of the ubiquitous soluble salts in the environment and is responsible for weathering of building materials. The salt weathering is attributed to the stress developed from crystallisation of these salts in pores of the building materials, with supersaturation as the driving force. In the last years, researchers have successfully mitigated the damage associated with the crystallisation of NaCl by the use of alkali -ferrocyanides (crystallisation inhibitors) in porous building materials. The observed mitigation of the damage has been attributed to lowering of the crystallisation pressure, possibly related to changes in the crystal habit and preferential crystallisation of the salt in the form of efflorescence instead of crypto-florescence. However, the effect of the inhibitor on the development of the so-called crystallisation pressure has not been studied in detail yet. In fact, direct measurement of this pressure is challenging and, until now, only a few experiments have been successful. In this research, an experimental set-up has been developed to directly measure the crystallisation forces of NaCl and the effect of ferrocyanide on these, while visualizing the crystallization process under a microscope. Some preliminary tests using this set-up have been carried out: these consisted in monitoring force evolution

     from a drop of solution with and without the inhibitor confined between two glass plates.
132. Cit:Kimura.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Kimura, A.; Abuku, M.; Fumoto, T.; Uno, T.; Iba, C.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Fundamental study on desalination methods for brick chimneys part 1 desalination by ion diffusion
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Kimura.etal:2021, title = {Fundamental study on desalination methods for brick chimneys part 1 desalination by ion diffusion }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {273-274}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kimura, A. and Abuku, M. and Fumoto, T. and Uno, T. and Iba, C.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 273-274

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Kimura.etal:2021]

     Kimura, A.; Abuku, M.; Fumoto, T.; Uno, T.; Iba, C. (2021): Fundamental study on desalination methods for brick chimneys part 1 desalination by ion diffusion . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 273-274, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Masonry, X-ray, Boltzmann transformation, diffusivity

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
133. Cit:Kyriakou.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Kyriakou, L.; Sanchez, A.M.A.; Nunes, C.; Ioannou, I.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Assessment of salt distribution in Maastricht and migné limestones with the use of micro-destructive techniques
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Kyriakou.etal:2021, title = {Assessment of salt distribution in Maastricht and migné limestones with the use of micro-destructive techniques}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {153-162}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The durability of building materials against salt crystallization is currently assessed using standardized and other accelerated weathering laboratory tests. However, these test methods usually do not simulate the performance of a material in practice realistically. Therefore, they do not always shed enough light on the evaluation of the salt crystallization phenomenon and the prevention of its damaging results. This study focuses on the use of two micro-destructive cutting techniques, based on the measurement of scratching and drilling resistance, to assess salt distribution within Maastricht and Migné limestones, following the procedure developed within the framework of RILEM TC ASC-271 activities for the accumulation of salts. Data collected on freshly quarried reference samples and samples contaminated with NaCl and Na2SO4 are presented. The results, which are entirely in line with complementary μ-XRF measurements, vividly show changes in the microstructure of the salt-contaminated samples. These changes, which are reflected in increased cutting resistance peaks, are consistent in both the scratching and drilling resistance patterns, and they suggest that salts accumulate at or near the evaporation surface of the test specimens, resulting in pore clogging.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kyriakou, L. and Sanchez, A.M.A. and Nunes, C. and Ioannou, I.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 153-162

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Kyriakou.etal:2021]

     Kyriakou, L.; Sanchez, A.M.A.; Nunes, C.; Ioannou, I. (2021): Assessment of salt distribution in Maastricht and migné limestones with the use of micro-destructive techniques. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 153-162, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt Crystallization, micro-drilling, scratching, μ-XRF, limestone

     Abstract

     The durability of building materials against salt crystallization is currently assessed using standardized and other accelerated weathering laboratory tests. However, these test methods usually do not simulate the performance of a material in practice realistically. Therefore, they do not always shed enough light on the evaluation of the salt crystallization phenomenon and the prevention of its damaging results. This study focuses on the use of two micro-destructive cutting techniques, based on the measurement of scratching and drilling resistance, to assess salt distribution within Maastricht and Migné limestones, following the procedure developed within the framework of RILEM TC ASC-271 activities for the accumulation of salts. Data collected on freshly quarried reference samples and samples contaminated

     with NaCl and Na₂SO₄ are presented. The results, which are entirely in line with complementary μ-XRF measurements, vividly show changes in the microstructure of the salt-contaminated samples. These changes, which are reflected in increased cutting resistance peaks, are consistent in both the scratching and drilling resistance patterns, and they suggest that salts accumulate at or near the evaporation surface of the test specimens, resulting in pore clogging.
134. Cit:Larsen:2021
     

     Autor	Larsen, P. K.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Durabilitiy of traditional renders on a garden wall at Marienlyst Park, Elsinore
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Larsen:2021, title = {Durabilitiy of traditional renders on a garden wall at Marienlyst Park, Elsinore}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {317-326}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The wall surrounding Marienlyst Park has suffered decay for many decades. A test program was conducted over five years to find the most durable solution for its maintenance. The performance of six different renders was evaluated by moisture measurements over the cross section of the wall. Only traditional mortars with lime or hydraulic lime binders were tested. Restoration mortars containing Portland cement and additives were not included. The 15th century brick wall is approximately 3 m high and has a 1.5 m backfill of soil. The water content of the wall was monitored with a dielectric probe at three levels above the ground. The average moisture content changed during the test period in accordance with the rainfall. There was an increase in wet seasons and decrease in dry seasons. The drying rate was rapid and almost independent of the type of render. The main source of moisture was the soil at the back side rather than driving rain at the front side. The decay related mainly to the thickness and the composition of the plaster. Two or three layers of hydraulic lime mortars were the most resistant to weathering, whereas a single layer of lime mortar was the least durable. It is difficult to predict the lifetime of the renders based on the performance in the first five years. Even the best rendering will likely require regular maintenance due to the moisture migration from the soil.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Larsen, P. K.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 317-326

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Larsen:2021]

     Larsen, P. K. (2021): Durabilitiy of traditional renders on a garden wall at Marienlyst Park, Elsinore. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 317-326, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Durability, traditional render, moisture content, weathering, brick wall

     Abstract

     The wall surrounding Marienlyst Park has suffered decay for many decades. A test program was conducted over five years to find the most durable solution for its maintenance. The performance of six different renders was evaluated by moisture measurements over the cross section of the wall. Only traditional mortars with lime or hydraulic lime binders were tested. Restoration mortars containing Portland cement and additives were not included. The 15th century brick wall is approximately 3 m high and has a 1.5 m backfill of soil. The water content of the wall was monitored with a dielectric probe at three levels above the ground. The average moisture content changed during the test period in accordance with the rainfall. There was an increase in wet seasons and decrease in dry seasons. The drying rate was rapid and almost independent of the type of render. The main source of moisture was the soil at the back side rather than driving rain at the front side.

     The decay related mainly to the thickness and the composition of the plaster. Two or three layers of hydraulic lime mortars were the most resistant to weathering, whereas a single layer of lime mortar was the least durable. It is difficult to predict the lifetime of the renders based on the performance in the first five years. Even the best rendering will likely require regular maintenance due to the moisture migration from the soil.
135. Cit:Laue.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Laue, S.; Schaab, C.; Drese, D.; Krauthäuser, D.; Helfmeier, D.; Vogt, J.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	20 years long-term monitoring of the salt loaded crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Laue.etal:2021, title = {20 years long-term monitoring of the salt loaded crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {307-316}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne damages of stones and wall paintings are caused by cyclic crystallization and dissolution of the salts halite [NaCl] and nitratine [NaNO3] due to climate changes. Based on a research project between 1992 and 1996, the LVR-State Service for Historical Monuments, architects, scientists and restorers implemented certain measures and started a new monitoring concept in 2000 aiming to diminish the damages and salt concentrations in the crypt. The monitoring concept included the periodical collection of weathered stone debris coming off the walls, in addition to regular climate measuremen ts and salt analyses. Monitoring in combination with climate measurements are executed overa period of 20 years. Combining intervention in the room climate on the one hand and salt extractions on the other hand, turned out to be effective measures. Prerequisites for reaching this result are detailed insights into the interaction between building materials, moisture, salts, and environmental conditions. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of a constructive cooperation of departments, architects, scientists and restorers, resulting in a lasting conservation concept for an object highly contaminated by soluble salts.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Laue, S. and Schaab, C. and Drese, D. and Krauthäuser, D. and Helfmeier, D. and Vogt, J.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 307-316

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Laue.etal:2021]

     Laue, S.; Schaab, C.; Drese, D.; Krauthäuser, D.; Helfmeier, D.; Vogt, J. (2021): 20 years long-term monitoring of the salt loaded crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 307-316, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Cyclic crystallization, monitoring, deliquescence humidity, climate control, damage mitigation

     Abstract

     In the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne damages of stones and wall paintings are caused by cyclic crystallization and dissolution of the salts halite [NaCl] and nitratine [NaNO3] due to climate changes. Based on a research project between 1992 and 1996, the LVR-State Service for Historical Monuments, architects, scientists and restorers implemented certain measures and started a new monitoring concept in 2000 aiming to diminish the damages and salt concentrations in the crypt. The monitoring concept included the periodical collection of weathered stone debris coming off the walls, in addition to regular climate measuremen ts and salt analyses. Monitoring in combination with climate measurements are executed overa period of 20 years. Combining intervention in the room climate on the one hand and salt extractions on the other hand, turned out to be effective measures. Prerequisites for reaching this result are detailed insights into the interaction between building materials, moisture, salts, and environmental conditions. The

     case study demonstrates the effectiveness of a constructive cooperation of departments, architects, scientists and restorers, resulting in a lasting conservation concept for an object highly contaminated by soluble salts.
136. Cit:Le Dizès.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Le Dizès, R.; Jaïs, D.; Shahidzadeh, N.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Two-steps treatments for the consolidation of carbonate stone artworks
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Le Dizès.etal:2021, title = {Two-steps treatments for the consolidation of carbonate stone artworks }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {225-232}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {An important part of our cultural heritage, such as artefacts, statues or historical monuments, is exposed to chemical and physical degradation over time. The degradation can lead to fractures and/or loss of cohesion among the individual particles forming the material components. It can also damage the painting layers: flaking of the surface layers, powdering etc. To protect weakened porous materials, filmforming substances, resins and polymeric materials are often used to consolidate weakened porous objects and structures. Although progress has been made in improving consolidation treatments for silicate stones, the treatments are much less effective when used on carbonate stones (such as marble or limestone) because of the chemical incompatibility between the grains and the common treatments. Here, we present a novel two-step treatment for consolidating weakened artworks made of porous limestone. Coupling agents are synthetized as a pre-treatment step to prepare the porous net work prior to the application of the consolidant. The latter can then be applied successfully without inducing crack formation during drying. The efficiency of the two-step treatment was studied at the microscale and linked to the macroscopic mechanical properties, such as the Young’s modulus and stress at break of the materials after treatment. Our results have advantages over other types of the treatments based on lime nanoparticles: the two-step treatment proposed here is easy to implement while being eco-friendly. In addition,it respects several other important criteria, such as the ability to restore the mechanical properties of damaged stones without changing their physical appearance and other properties, such as porosity or permeability. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Le Dizès, R. and Jaïs, D. and Shahidzadeh, N.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 225-232

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Le Dizès.etal:2021]

     Le Dizès, R.; Jaïs, D.; Shahidzadeh, N. (2021): Two-steps treatments for the consolidation of carbonate stone artworks . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 225-232, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Limestone, consolidation, calcium citrate, sol-gel process

     Abstract

     An important part of our cultural heritage, such as artefacts, statues or historical monuments, is exposed to chemical and physical degradation over time. The degradation can lead to fractures and/or loss of cohesion among the individual particles forming the material components. It can also damage the painting layers: flaking of the surface layers, powdering etc. To protect weakened porous materials, filmforming substances, resins and polymeric materials are often used to consolidate weakened porous objects and structures. Although progress has been made in improving consolidation treatments for silicate stones, the treatments are much less effective when used on carbonate stones (such as marble or limestone) because of the chemical incompatibility between the grains and the common treatments. Here, we present a novel two-step treatment for consolidating weakened artworks made of porous limestone. Coupling agents are synthetized as a pre-treatment step to prepare the porous net work prior to the application of the consolidant. The latter can then be applied successfully without inducing crack formation during drying. The efficiency of the two-step treatment was studied at the microscale and linked to the macroscopic mechanical properties, such as the Young’s modulus and stress at break of the materials after treatment. Our results have advantages over other types of the treatments based on lime nanoparticles: the two-step treatment proposed here is easy to implement while being eco-friendly. In addition,it respects several other important criteria,

     such as the ability to restore the mechanical properties of damaged stones without changing their physical appearance and other properties, such as porosity or permeability.
137. Cit:McSkimming.etal:2021
     

     Autor	McSkimming, E. R.; Vasconcelos, G.; Dionísio, A.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Salt crystallisation decay in historic stone masonry: from experimental to onsite assessment
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { McSkimming.etal:2021, title = {Salt crystallisation decay in historic stone masonry: from experimental to onsite assessment }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {183-185}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {McSkimming, E. R. and Vasconcelos, G. and Dionísio, A.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 183-185

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [McSkimming.etal:2021]

     McSkimming, E. R.; Vasconcelos, G.; Dionísio, A. (2021): Salt crystallisation decay in historic stone masonry: from experimental to onsite assessment . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 183-185, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Stone masonry, material conservation, salt crystallization, state-of-the-art review

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
138. Cit:Mizutani.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Mizutani, E.; Ogura, D.; Abuku, M.; Derluyn, H.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Evaluation of change in pore network structure caused by halite crystallisation
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Mizutani.etal:2021, title = {Evaluation of change in pore network structure caused by halite crystallisation }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {173-181}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Pore clogging by salt crystallisation significantly changes both vapour and liquid moisture transport. This study aimed to quantify salt crystal distribution in porous materials and the change in the pore network structure before and after salt crystallisation to evaluate the effects of pore clogging on the mass transport phenomena. Three-dimensional scanning by synchr otron X-ray computed tomography (SPring-8, Japan) was conducted to quantify the time change in salt crystal distribution during evaporation.Fired clay brick specimens saturated with a salt (NaCl) solution were dried under ambient conditions and scanned at specific time instants. The amount of the salt crystal determined by image analysis was consistent with the estimated values obtained by the weight measurement of vaporised water. Additionally, the pore size distribution, tortuosity and effective porosity and specific surface area before and after salt precipitation are calculated by the 3D medial axis(3DMA) processing with segmented images to investigate the change of saturated hydraulic conductivity and vapour diffusivity due to salt precipitation. Below a certain depth, the physical properties decreased linearly with increasing salt occupancy.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Mizutani, E. and Ogura, D. and Abuku, M. and Derluyn, H. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 173-181

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Mizutani.etal:2021]

     Mizutani, E.; Ogura, D.; Abuku, M.; Derluyn, H. (2021): Evaluation of change in pore network structure caused by halite crystallisation . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 173-181, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Crystallisation, pore clogging, tortuosity, pore size distribution, image analysis

     Abstract

     Pore clogging by salt crystallisation significantly changes both vapour and liquid moisture transport. This study aimed to quantify salt crystal distribution in porous materials and the change in the pore network structure before and after salt crystallisation to evaluate the effects of pore clogging on the mass transport phenomena. Three-dimensional scanning by synchr otron X-ray computed tomography (SPring-8, Japan) was conducted to quantify the time change in salt crystal distribution during evaporation.Fired clay brick specimens saturated with a salt (NaCl) solution were dried under ambient conditions and scanned at specific time instants. The amount of the salt crystal determined by image analysis was consistent with the estimated values obtained by the weight measurement of vaporised water. Additionally, the pore size distribution, tortuosity and effective porosity and specific surface area before and after salt precipitation are calculated by the 3D medial axis (3DMA) processing with segmented images to investigate the change of saturated hydraulic conductivity and vapour diffusivity due to salt precipitation.

     Below a certain depth, the physical properties decreased linearly with increasing salt occupancy.
139. Cit:Nunes.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Nunes, C.; Godts, S.; Aguilar Sanchez, A.M.; Slížková, Z.; Lubelli, B.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Towards a new salt crystallisation test: comparison of salt contamination procedures
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Nunes.etal:2021, title = {Towards a new salt crystallisation test: comparison of salt contamination procedures }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {69-77}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The RILEM TC 271-ASC is currently developing a new ageing test to assess the resistance of porous building materials to salt crystallisation. The new test consists of two phases: salt accumulation and damage propagation. This paper focuses on the salt accumulation phase; this phase should promote salt crystallisation close to the evaporative surface of the substrates (common situation onsite) without leading to salt efflorescence or damage. Damage should take place in the propagation phase, which is not add ressed in this paper. This work compares the effectiveness of three contamination procedures for salt accumulation: P1) salt contamination by capillary absorption of salt solution, followed by drying; P2) continuous capillary absorption of salt solution; P3) placement of salt crystals on the surface of the materials followed by the conditioning of the specimens at high relative humidity until complete dissolution of the salts. The results of P1 and P2 procedures presented in this paper are detailed in a sep arate publication, while this paper focuses on P3 procedure and compares the results. The effectiveness of each procedure has been evaluated by assessing the salt distribution in the specimen using ion chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. The r esults show that P3 is technically the least complicated to set up and does not entail the risk of development of salt efflorescence or damage. However, it can lead to salt migration within the specimens to a greater depth, hence future research is proposed to counteract this effect.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Nunes, C. and Godts, S. and Aguilar Sanchez, A.M. and Slížková, Z. and Lubelli, B.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 69-77

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Nunes.etal:2021]

     Nunes, C.; Godts, S.; Aguilar Sanchez, A.M.; Slížková, Z.; Lubelli, B. (2021): Towards a new salt crystallisation test: comparison of salt contamination procedures . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 69-77, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Crystallisation test, porous materials, salt accumulation, evaporative surface

     Abstract

     The RILEM TC 271-ASC is currently developing a new ageing test to assess the resistance of porous building materials to salt crystallisation. The new test consists of two phases: salt accumulation and damage propagation. This paper focuses on the salt accumulation phase; this phase should promote salt crystallisation close to the evaporative surface of the substrates (common situation onsite) without leading to salt efflorescence or damage. Damage should take place in the propagation phase, which is not add ressed in this paper. This work compares the effectiveness of three contamination procedures for salt accumulation: P1) salt contamination by capillary absorption of salt solution, followed by drying; P2) continuous capillary absorption of salt solution; P3) placement of salt crystals on the surface of the materials followed by the conditioning of the specimens at high relative humidity until complete dissolution of the salts. The results of P1 and P2 procedures presented in this paper are detailed in a sep arate publication, while this paper focuses on P3 procedure and compares the results. The effectiveness of each procedure has been evaluated by assessing the salt distribution in the specimen using ion chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. The r esults show that P3 is technically the least complicated to set up and does not entail the risk of development of salt

     efflorescence or damage. However, it can lead to salt migration within the specimens to a greater depth, hence future research is proposed to counteract this effect.
140. Cit:Ottosen:2021
     

     Autor	Ottosen, L. M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Electromigration of K+ and NO3- natural stone and brick under application of constant voltage
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Ottosen:2021, title = {Electromigration of K+ and NO3- natural stone and brick under application of constant voltage }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {251-261}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Transport of ions in an applied electric field (electromigration) can be used in conservation actions both for removal (electrodesalination) and supply (electroprecipitation) of ions out from or into the substrate. For the further development of these methods, increased understanding of the influence from side effects on the transport of the target ions is necessary. Electromigration has most often been investigated under application of a constant current. In this work, a constant voltage is applied, and it reports a direct comparison of electromigration of K+ and NO3- through substrates with different porosities. Prisms, one brick and four natural stones, were prepared and contaminated with NaCl in exactly the same way. Electromigration experiments were made under the same applied constant voltage. During the first hours, the current was very different between the experiments (from 2.3 to 72 mA), showing major difference in the electrical conductivity of the substrates - the higher the porosity, the higher the conductivity (and current). The current developed differently between the experiments. By the end of the 3 days experiments, the current was between 3.4 and 9.2 mA and independent of the substrate porosity. During the experiments, the electrode processes and the connected side effects influenced the electromigration of K+ and NO3- to different extents in the different substrates, and the most in the substrates with high porosity. The experiments underline that the electromigration of target ions depends strongly on the substrate when applying a constant voltage, because the substrate conductivity determines the current and thus the side effects. Applying a constant current instead, as in most of the previous works, enables better managing of the side effects.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ottosen, L. M.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 251-261

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Ottosen:2021]

     Ottosen, L. M. (2021): Electromigration of K+ and NO3- natural stone and brick under application of constant voltage . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 251-261, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Electromigration, stone, porosity, salt, side effects

     Abstract

     Transport of ions in an applied electric field (electromigration) can be used in conservation actions both for removal (electrodesalination) and supply (electroprecipitation) of ions out from or into the substrate. For the further development of these methods, increased understanding of the influence from side effects on the transport of the target ions is necessary. Electromigration has most often been investigated under application of a constant current. In this work, a constant voltage is applied, and it reports a direct comparison of electromigration of K⁺ and NO₃^- through substrates with different porosities. Prisms, one brick and four natural stones, were prepared and contaminated with NaCl in exactly the same way. Electromigration experiments were made under the same applied constant voltage. During the first hours, the current was very different between the experiments (from 2.3 to 72 mA), showing major difference in the electrical conductivity of the substrates - the higher the porosity, the higher the conductivity (and current). The current developed differently between the experiments. By the end of the 3 days experiments, the current was between 3.4 and 9.2 mA and independent of the substrate porosity. During the experiments, the electrode processes and the connected side effects influenced the electromigration of K⁺ and NO₃^- to different extents in the different substrates, and the most in the substrates with high porosity. The experiments underline that the electromigration of target ions depends strongly on the substrate

     when applying a constant voltage, because the substrate conductivity determines the current and thus the side effects. Applying a constant current instead, as in most of the previous works, enables better managing of the side effects.
141. Cit:Overhoff:2021
     

     Autor	Overhoff, M.W.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	The conservation of dutch architectural glazed ceramic tiles containing soluable salts: approaches in practice and dilemmas faced by the conservator
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Overhoff:2021, title = {The conservation of dutch architectural glazed ceramic tiles containing soluable salts: approaches in practice and dilemmas faced by the conservator }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {297-304}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Tin-glazed tiles for architectural purposes were produced in the Netherlands from the end of the 16th century. These tiles were extensively used in buildings in the Netherlands, but they are also found as far away as Brazil. Today tiles are considered important cultural heritage with a clear historical value, but often also an aesthetic or even an artistic value. They may be valued as individual tiles, but it is important to also consider their value within an ensemble. Tin-glazed tiles that are still in situ can be badly affected by crystallizing salts. Unfortunately, it is the most defining part of the tile, the glaze-layer, that is most vulnerable. The conservation of tin-glazed tiles affected by soluble salts often requires invasive treatments including removing the tiles fr om their location and desalinating them in water. Such treatment is not without risk for the tiles. In other situations, tiles might have to be replaced with replicas or similar contemporary tiles. In order to be able to justify any such treatment it is important for the conservator to acquire a better understanding of the causes of the salt crystallization. This requires research, performed by a researcher specialized in this field, and which should include investigations into the moisture sources and the amount and type of salt ions that are present. This information is often necessary in order to determine a conservation strategy that best preserves the value of the tile with as minimal intervention as required. For the preservation of tin-glazed tiles it is important that the value of research is better understood by both conservators and other stakeholders. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Overhoff, M. W.} }
     DOI	https://dx.doi.org/10.5165/hawk-hhg/319
     Link	Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 42-48 Abuku Ogura Hokoi.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 297-304

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Overhoff:2021]

     Overhoff, M. W. (2021): The conservation of dutch architectural glazed ceramic tiles containing soluable salts: approaches in practice and dilemmas faced by the conservator . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 297-304, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Tin-glazed tiles, soluble salts, conservation, restoration

     Abstract

     Tin-glazed tiles for architectural purposes were produced in the Netherlands from the end of the 16th century. These tiles were extensively used in buildings in the Netherlands, but they are also found as far away as Brazil. Today tiles are considered important cultural heritage with a clear historical value, but often also an aesthetic or even an artistic value. They may be valued as individual tiles, but it is important to also consider their value within an ensemble. Tin-glazed tiles that are still in situ can be badly affected by crystallizing salts. Unfortunately, it is the most defining part of the tile, the glaze-layer, that is most vulnerable. The conservation of tin-glazed tiles affected by soluble salts often requires invasive treatments including removing the tiles fr om their location and desalinating them in water. Such treatment is not without risk for the tiles. In other situations, tiles might have to be replaced with replicas or similar contemporary tiles. In order to be able to justify any such treatment it is important for the conservator to acquire a better understanding of the causes of the salt crystallization. This requires research, performed by a researcher specialized in this field, and which should include investigations into the moisture sources and the amount and type of salt ions that are present. This information is often necessary in order to determine a conservation strategy that best preserves the value of the tile with as minimal intervention as required. For

     the preservation of tin-glazed tiles it is important that the value of research is better understood by both conservators and other stakeholders.
142. Cit:Pater:2021
     

     Autor	Pater, R.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Desalination, a heritage architect’s perspective
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Pater:2021, title = {Desalination, a heritage architect’s perspective }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {287-296}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Desalination can be a solution to conserve our monuments, but on what conditions? With two desalination projects in Amsterdam in the last 2 decades, we’ve worked alongside the researchers of TNO and TU Delft to find solutions to create the optimal conditions for large scale desalination in situ.In project ‘De Waag’, the mail goal was to conserve the Masterpieces of masonry from the 17th century, which were damaged by mostly NaCl2. For an in-situ treatment we have looked at methods suitable to use at large scale. This resulted in a mechanical application of the poultice by spraying. While the treatment to reduce the saturation of salt was successful, a post -treatment was needed in order to clean the masterpieces of the debris left by the clay (kaolin) in the poultice. With knowledge of the Waag, the tower of the Zuiderkerk (1614), offered a new challenge. In this case sodium sulphate was the dominant salt responsible for degradation of the masonry. Reducing sodium sulphate has more risks, and those risks can only be controlled while applying a poultice in warmer condition. The main goal was to find a solution to partly heathen the wall on those parts of the tower where salt load was too high. Trying several electrical heating systems, we’ve found the most ideal option. Both projects resulted in some practical and effective options, but also lessons learned by all the trails conducted. Main conclusion is that large scale in-situ desalination is possible, and methods to make it effective can be useful for other projects, but only after extensive research and monitoring.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Pater, R.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 287-296

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Pater:2021]

     Pater, R. (2021): Desalination, a heritage architect’s perspective . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 287-296, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     On-site desalination, post-treatments, sodium sulphate, heating systems

     Abstract

     Desalination can be a solution to conserve our monuments, but on what conditions? With two desalination projects in Amsterdam in the last 2 decades, we’ve worked alongside the researchers of TNO and TU Delft to find solutions to create the optimal conditions for large scale desalination in situ.In project ‘De Waag’, the mail goal was to conserve the Masterpieces of masonry from the 17th century, which were damaged by mostly NaCl2. For an in-situ treatment we have looked at methods suitable to use at large scale. This resulted in a mechanical application of the poultice by spraying. While the treatment to reduce the saturation of salt was successful, a post -treatment was needed in order to clean the masterpieces of the debris left by the clay (kaolin) in the poultice. With knowledge of the Waag, the tower of the Zuiderkerk (1614), offered a new challenge. In this case sodium sulphate was the dominant salt responsible for degradation of the masonry. Reducing sodium sulphate has more risks, and those risks can only be controlled while applying a poultice in warmer condition. The main goal was to find a solution to partly heathen the wall on those parts of the tower where salt load was too high. Trying several electrical heating systems, we’ve found the most ideal option.

     Both projects resulted in some practical and effective options, but also lessons learned by all the trails conducted. Main conclusion is that large scale in-situ desalination is possible, and methods to make it effective can be useful for other projects, but only after extensive research and monitoring.
143. Cit:Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021
     

     Autor	Röhrig-Dalgaard, I.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Potential salt damage assessment and prevention based on micro samples
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021, title = {Potential salt damage assessment and prevention based on micro samples}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Assessment methods for potential salt damage on cultural heritage sites must fulfill what most often seems to be contradictory criteria: ensure a reliable diagnosis while using non-destructive measuring techniques. This work is a step down the road to over come this contradiction, by performing a reliable diagnosis for salt damage assessment using micro samples(5-25 mg). Possibilities and limitations of the use of micro samples for assessment and prevention of potential salt damage are examined, by comparing this method with well-known diagnosis methods.When using smaller samples, more precise measurement methods are needed. The present work documents that the in-build high accuracy balance in the DVS instrument enables the precise determination of hygroscopic moisture even when using micro samples. Even the smallest sample size of 5 mg was sufficient to obtain reliable hygroscopic moisture content results and to identify the presence of salts and determine the deliquescence point. Along with the determination of the deliques- cence point, the influence of the kinetics on the behavior of salt mixtures could be followed.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Röhrig-Dalgaard, I.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 21-30

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021]

     Röhrig-Dalgaard, I. (2021): Potential salt damage assessment and prevention based on micro samples. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 21-30, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Micro samples, diagnostic methodology, salt mixtures, case study

     Abstract

     Assessment methods for potential salt damage on cultural heritage sites must fulfill what most often seems to be contradictory criteria: ensure a reliable diagnosis while using non-destructive measuring techniques. This work is a step down the road to over come this contradiction, by performing a reliable diagnosis for salt damage assessment using micro samples(5-25 mg). Possibilities and limitations of the use of micro samples for assessment and prevention of potential salt damage are examined, by comparing this method with well-known diagnosis methods.When using smaller samples, more precise measurement methods are needed. The present work documents that the in-build high accuracy balance in the DVS instrument enables the precise determination of hygroscopic moisture even when using micro samples. Even the smallest sample size of 5 mg was sufficient to obtain reliable hygroscopic moisture content results and to identify the presence of salts and determine the deliquescence point. Along with the determination of the deliques-

     cence point, the influence of the kinetics on the behavior of salt mixtures could be followed.
144. Cit:Salvi.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Salvi, A.; Menendez, B.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Experimental determination of salt content in artificial weathered samples of sedimentary stones
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Salvi.etal:2021, title = {Experimental determination of salt content in artificial weathered samples of sedimentary stones}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {89-98}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Many well-known techniques allow determine the amount of salt present in a sample, but most of them require its destruction or the extraction of the salt from the sample. In this work, we tested some Non-Destructive-Techniques in order to correlate the amount of salt in a sample with its physical properties.Samples of four sedimentary rocks, commonly used as building stones, have been contaminated with two salts, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, and with a mixture of both. Some of the contaminated samples have been artificially weathered. Salt contamination and weathering methodologies are based on those proposed by the RILEM Technical Committee TC 271-ASC (see Lubelli et al. paper in this conference, [1], [2]). After salt precipitation, some of the samples have been measured, and others have experienced more weathering cycles before being measured. Studied stones are Maastricht and Migné limestones, already used in previous work, and Lutetien, Savonnières and Tuffeau limestones commonly used in French monuments of Paris area and Loire valley respectively. Porosities vary from 30 to almost 50%.Contamination and weathering procedures are presented in [1] and [2]. The goal is to obtain a non-uniform salt distribution into the specimen, similar to what is observed in real cases. In tested samples, P -wave velocity has been measured every 5 mm from the evaporation surface of the sample until 50 mm, which is the length of the sample. After that the sample has been split into two parts vertically. One half has been observed by different microscopical techniques, and from the other half, slices have been cut every 5mm. On these slices density and water vapour absorption have been determined by He-pycnometry and with a Multisample Dynamic Moisture Sorption (ProUmid GmbH & Co. KG). A good correlation exists between both parameters and the distance to the surface. We can conclude that these techniques show the highest amount of salt content close to the surface.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Salvi, A. and Menendez, B.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 89-98

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Salvi.etal:2021]

     Salvi, A.; Menendez, B. (2021): Experimental determination of salt content in artificial weathered samples of sedimentary stones. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 89-98, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt weathering, soluble salts, limestone, non-destructive techniques

     Abstract

     Many well-known techniques allow determine the amount of salt present in a sample, but most of them require its destruction or the extraction of the salt from the sample. In this work, we tested some Non-Destructive-Techniques in order to correlate the amount of salt in a sample with its physical properties.

     Samples of four sedimentary rocks, commonly used as building stones, have been contaminated with two salts, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, and with a mixture of both. Some of the contaminated samples have been artificially weathered. Salt contamination and weathering methodologies are based on those proposed by the RILEM Technical Committee TC 271-ASC (see Lubelli et al. paper in this conference, [1], [2]). After salt precipitation, some of the samples have been measured, and others have experienced more weathering cycles before being measured. Studied stones are Maastricht and Migné limestones, already used in previous work, and Lutetien, Savonnières and Tuffeau limestones commonly used in French monuments of Paris area and Loire valley respectively. Porosities vary from 30 to almost 50%.

     Contamination and weathering procedures are presented in [1] and [2]. The goal is to obtain a non-uniform salt distribution into the specimen, similar to what is observed in real cases. In tested samples, P -wave velocity has been measured every 5 mm from the evaporation surface of the sample until 50 mm, which is the length of the sample. After that the sample has been split into two parts vertically. One half has been observed by different microscopical techniques, and from the other half, slices have been cut every 5mm. On these slices density and water vapour absorption have been determined by He-pycnometry and with a Multisample Dynamic Moisture Sorption (ProUmid GmbH & Co. KG). A good correlation exists between both parameters and the distance to the surface. We can conclude

     that these techniques show the highest amount of salt content close to the surface.
145. Cit:Stahlbuhk.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Stahlbuhk, A.; Steiger, M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Barium nitrate as a result of the barium method and potential damage aspects
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Stahlbuhk.etal:2021, title = {Barium nitrate as a result of the barium method and potential damage aspects }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {99-108}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Wall paintings represent one of the most fragile cultural treasures. Their finely porous and decorated surface is exposed to the environment and their support may be connected to ground or infiltration water, both making it susceptible to salts. While hygroscopic salts usually enter the pore network of objects via ground or infiltration water, the formation of gypsum, which is often present as a superficial crust, is the result of acidic deposition of SO2 from the environment. Even though air pollution has decreased in recent decades, many objects are still affected by these crusts, which represent a serious risk, especially for sensitive wall paintings. The“barium method” developed in the 1960s represented a huge progress in the conservation of wall paintings by successfully combining the removal of gypsum and the consolidation of the porous structure. However, pertinent literature describes the issue of hygroscopic, nitrate -containing pore solutions already present in the object that allow the formation of more soluble barium nitrate, if these nitrates were not effectively removed before the application of the method. Despite this warning, the actual damage potential of Ba(NO3)2 has not yet been investigated. This study focusses on damage aspects of barium nitrate and discusses results of damage tests and considerations of the damage related behavior of Ba(NO 3)2, also in hygroscopic salt mixtures. The results support the a ssumption that the salt poses a potential risk, which could be enhanced in mixtures with other salts. Thus, the study aims to increase the awareness of the risk of barium nitrate formation on wall paintings.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Stahlbuhk, A. and Steiger, M.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in:Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 99-108

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Stahlbuhk.etal:2021]

     Stahlbuhk, A.; Steiger, M. (2021): Barium nitrate as a result of the barium method and potential damage aspects . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 99-108, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt damage, barium nitrate, wall paintings, barium method, hygroscopic salts

     Abstract

     Wall paintings represent one of the most fragile cultural treasures. Their finely porous and decorated surface is exposed to the environment and their support may be connected to ground or infiltration water, both making it susceptible to salts. While hygroscopic salts usually enter the pore network of objects via ground or infiltration water, the formation of gypsum, which is often present as a superficial crust, is the result of acidic deposition of SO2 from the environment. Even though air pollution has decreased in recent decades, many objects are still affected by these crusts, which represent a serious risk, especially for sensitive wall paintings. The“barium method” developed in the 1960s represented a huge progress in the conservation of wall paintings by successfully combining the removal of gypsum and the consolidation of the porous structure. However, pertinent literature describes the issue of hygroscopic, nitrate -containing pore solutions already present in the object that allow the formation of more soluble barium nitrate, if these nitrates were not effectively removed before the application of the method. Despite this warning, the actual damage potential of Ba(NO3)2 has not yet been investigated. This study focusses on damage aspects of barium nitrate and discusses results of damage tests and considerations of the damage related behavior of Ba(NO 3)2, also in hygroscopic salt mixtures. The results support the a ssumption that the salt poses a potential risk, which could be enhanced in mixtures with other salts. Thus, the study aims to increase the

     awareness of the risk of barium nitrate formation on wall paintings.
146. Cit:Takatori.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Takatori, N.; Sakai, K.; Ogura, D.; Wakiya, S.; Abuku, M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Measurement of sodium chloride solution permeability and sorptivity
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Takatori.etal:2021, title = {Measurement of sodium chloride solution permeability and sorptivity }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {163-171}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In desalination by poulticing, predicting the amount of desalination and salt concentration in the poultice and base material is important. The transport of a solution in a porous material is determined by its driving force and permeability, both of which may differ between pure water and salt solutions. In particular, for materials with surface charges, the electric double layer formed on the material surface may affect both the driving force and permeability of the salt solution.We aim to develop a prediction method to calculate the amount of water and salt transport in porous materials during desalination. As the first step of this study, to examine the saline water transport phenomenon in porous materials, we conducted the saline water permeability and absorption tests of NaCl aqueous solutions in tuff.The results showed that the saline water permeability coefficient in the tuff can be adequately estimated by considering saline water density and viscosity based on the Hagen–Poiseuille law, when the salt concentration is a bove 0.61 molal. Furthermore, this law does not apply to the relation ship between the permeability for pure and saline water; moreover, it may be necessary to consider the effect of the salt concentration dependence of the electric double layer structure.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Takatori, N. and Sakai, K. and Ogura, D. and Wakiya, S. and Abuku, M. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 163-171

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Takatori.etal:2021]

     Takatori, N.; Sakai, K.; Ogura, D.; Wakiya, S.; Abuku, M. (2021): Measurement of sodium chloride solution permeability and sorptivity . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 163-171, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Porous material, sodium chloride solution, hydraulic conductivity, falling-head method, saline water absorption test

     Abstract

     In desalination by poulticing, predicting the amount of desalination and salt concentration in the poultice and base material is important. The transport of a solution in a porous material is determined by its driving force and permeability, both of which may differ between pure water and salt solutions. In particular, for materials with surface charges, the electric double layer formed on the material surface may affect both the driving force and permeability of the salt solution.We aim to develop a prediction method to calculate the amount of water and salt transport in porous materials during desalination. As the first step of this study, to examine the saline water transport phenomenon in porous materials, we conducted the saline water permeability and absorption tests of NaCl aqueous solutions in tuff.The results showed that the saline water permeability coefficient in the tuff can be adequately estimated by considering saline water density and viscosity based on the Hagen–Poiseuille law, when the salt concentration is a bove 0.61 molal. Furthermore, this law does not apply to the relation

     ship between the permeability for pure and saline water; moreover, it may be necessary to consider the effect of the salt concentration dependence of the electric double layer structure.
147. Cit:Tedeschi.etal:2021a
     

     Autor	Tedeschi, C.; Garavaglia, E.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Consideration on the influence of deterioration on deformation velocity in mortar and cement paste specimens subjected to external aggressive attacks
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021a, title = {Consideration on the influence of deterioration on deformation velocity in mortar and cement paste specimens subjected to external aggressive attacks }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {199-201}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Garavaglia, E.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in:Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 199-201

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Tedeschi.etal:2021a]

     Tedeschi, C.; Garavaglia, E. (2021): Consideration on the influence of deterioration on deformation velocity in mortar and cement paste specimens subjected to external aggressive attacks . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 199-201, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Sulfate attack, experimental tests, concrete, mortar, damage

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
148. Cit:Tedeschi.etal:2021b
     

     Autor	Tedeschi, C.; Di Benedetto, F.; Montegrossi; G. Coppola, M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021b, title = {Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {359-360}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Di Benedetto, F. and Montegrossi and G. Coppola, M. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 359-360

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [0]

     Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.

     Keywords

     Coastal towers, Northern Puglia, limestone, Gargano, sea-salt aerosol

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
149. Cit:Thorn.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Thorn, A.J.; Collie, B.T.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Micro-photogrammetry to monitor salt impact on petroglyphs
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Thorn.etal:2021, title = {Micro-photogrammetry to monitor salt impact on petroglyphs}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {A project focusing on the potential industrial impact on a cluster of one million engraved boulders in a remote desert location, requires, among other metrics, the study of micro-spalling because of potential crypto-fluorescence, or surface depo-sition, both of which change the surface morphology at the micro-scale, including pre-spall swelling. Project outcomes include deploying technologies readily implemented in-field, ultimately by locally trained operators.This paper outlines the system, in cluding the operation of a portable fully automated triaxial scanning frame and the processing technologies deployed to produce a 3D photogrammetric model, and the further processing of that model to provide long-term indicators of change.All three axes are programmed to scan with a single button press, gathering up to 5,600 images over the target within 150 minutes. To acquire fully focused Z-axis images, a stack of 20 images is acquired at 1 mm vertical intervals. The other dimensions are set to image any given point 4-9 times, depending on the overlap. System screening identified a 36Mp DSLR fitted with a Zeiss 4x objective as the most effective imaging system, including being an existing piece of field equipment used for other studies, only requiring the addition of the objective and its mount.The Z- axis image stacks are processed through Helicon Focus to reduce the 5,600 images to 250 stacks, submitted to Agisoft Metashape for model construction. The model is interrogated using various measurement programs including CAD, Metashape and Cloud Compare to establish vital change metrics.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Thorn, A.J. and Collie, B.T.} }
     DOI
     Link	https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:SWBSS-2021_Thorn_etal_141-151.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 141-151

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Thorn.etal:2021]

     Thorn, A.J.; Collie, B.T. (2021): Micro-photogrammetry to monitor salt impact on petroglyphs. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 141-151, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Micro-photogrammetry, delamination, crypto-fluorescence, micro-spalling

     Abstract

     A project focusing on the potential industrial impact on a cluster of one million engraved boulders in a remote desert location, requires, among other metrics, the study of micro-spalling because of potential crypto-fluorescence, or surface depo-sition, both of which change the surface morphology at the micro-scale, including pre-spall swelling. Project outcomes include deploying technologies readily implemented in-field, ultimately by locally trained operators.This paper outlines the system, in cluding the operation of a portable fully automated triaxial scanning frame and the processing technologies deployed to produce a 3D photogrammetric model, and the further processing of that model to provide long-term indicators of change.All three axes are programmed to scan with a single button press, gathering up to 5,600 images over the target within 150 minutes. To acquire fully focused Z-axis images, a stack of 20 images is acquired at 1 mm vertical intervals. The other dimensions are set to image any given point 4-9 times, depending on the overlap. System screening identified a 36Mp DSLR fitted with a Zeiss 4x objective as the most effective imaging system, including being an existing piece of field equipment used for other studies, only requiring the addition of the objective and its mount.The Z- axis image stacks are processed through Helicon Focus to reduce the 5,600 images to 250 stacks, submitted to Agisoft Metashape for model construction. The model is interrogated using various measurement programs including CAD,

     Metashape and Cloud Compare to establish vital change metrics.
150. Cit:Ugolotti.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Ugolotti, G.; Masi, G.; Sassoni, E.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Interaction between sodium chloride and ammonium phosphate on Carrara marble: two laboratory approaches
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Ugolotti.etal:2021, title = {Interaction between sodium chloride and ammonium phosphate on Carrara marble: two laboratory approaches }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {119-128}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The present paper aims at investigating the interaction between NaCl and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solutions,in view of field consolidation of NaCl-contaminated substrates by DAP. Two different approaches were tested on marble: part of the specimens was treated by a single solution containing both NaCl and DAP (“NaCl+DAP” samples) and part of the specimens was subjected to a two-step treatment, consisting in preliminary contamination by NaCl and subsequent consolidation by DAP (“NaCl then DAP” samples). For each approach, different NaCl and DAP concentrations were tested. The new phases, formed after treatment, were characterized by FT-IR and SEM and their consolidating effect was assessed by ultrasonic measurements, in terms of increase in dynamic elastic modulus (Ed). To investigate the influence of the NaCl contamination on the durability of the consolidating treatments, consolidated specimens were repeatedly immersed in water, the solubilized ions were analyzed by ion chromatography and the possible decrease in consolidating efficacy was assessed by Ed. The results of the study point out that, following either approach, new calcium phosphate (CaP) phases were formed, identified by FT-IR as hydroxyapatite and/or octacalcium phosphate. These new phases led to significant increases in Ed, which experienced some reduction when the consolidated specimens were immersed in water. Nonetheless, the residual Ed was sensibly higher than in the untreated condition, indicating that a significant mechanical benefit was maintained. The “NaCl then DAP” samples, which resemble the actual situation in the field, seem to provide more reliable results than those obtained following the alternative approach. In fact, the combined treatment (“NaCl+DAP”) led to lower increases in Ed and less pronounced formation of new CaP, possibly because the presence of sodium and chloride ions in the DAP solution significantly altered the mechanisms of CaP formation.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ugolotti, G. and Masi, G. and Sassoni, E.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 119-128

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Ugolotti.etal:2021]

     Ugolotti, G.; Masi, G.; Sassoni, E. (2021): Interaction between sodium chloride and ammonium phosphate on Carrara marble: two laboratory approaches . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 119-128, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Marble, salt contamination, NaCl, consolidation, ammonium phosphate

     Abstract

     The present paper aims at investigating the interaction between NaCl and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solutions,in view of field consolidation of NaCl-contaminated substrates by DAP. Two different approaches were tested on marble: part of the specimens was treated by a single solution containing both NaCl and DAP (“NaCl+DAP” samples) and part of the specimens was subjected to a two-step treatment, consisting in preliminary contamination by NaCl and subsequent consolidation by DAP (“NaCl then DAP” samples). For each approach, different NaCl and DAP concentrations were tested. The new phases, formed after treatment, were characterized by FT-IR and SEM and their consolidating effect was assessed by ultrasonic measurements, in terms of increase in dynamic elastic modulus (Ed). To investigate the influence of the NaCl contamination on the durability of the consolidating treatments, consolidated specimens were repeatedly immersed in water, the solubilized ions were analyzed by ion chromatography and the possible decrease in consolidating efficacy was assessed by Ed. The results of the study point out that, following either approach, new calcium phosphate (CaP) phases were formed, identified by FT-IR as hydroxyapatite and/or octacalcium phosphate. These new phases led to significant increases in Ed, which experienced some reduction when the consolidated specimens were immersed in water. Nonetheless, the residual Ed was sensibly higher than in the untreated condition, indicating that a significant mechanical benefit was maintained. The “NaCl then DAP” samples, which resemble the actual situation in the field, seem to provide more reliable results than those obtained following the alternative approach. In fact, the combined treatment (“NaCl+DAP”) led to lower increases in Ed and less pronounced formation of new CaP, possibly because the presence of sodium and chloride ions in the DAP solution significantly altered the mechanisms of

     CaP formation.
151. Cit:Ugrina.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Ugrina, H.; Marinković, V.; Mudronja, D.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Fourteen century limestone deterioration: desalination and restoration criteria
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Ugrina.etal:2021, title = {Fourteen century limestone deterioration: desalination and restoration criteria }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {205-213}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {This paper describes conservation-restoration works carried out on the limestone dating 14th century, depicting St. Simeon and Elizabeth of Bosnia. Due to long-term exposure to environment in the museum yard and one inadequate restoration work in the 1950s, the stone showed a wide range of decay forms such as: delamination, exfoliation, disintegration, splintering, and powdering. The thickness and the shape of the damaged layers of the stone were variable. Laboratory research has shown a high concentration of soluble salts (chlorides, sulphates and nitrates, dominantly halite and gypsum), which caused accelerated decay of the limestone; therefore, the conservation-restoration process was focused on different desalination methods. Water baths were chosen for the desalination method, followed by barium hydroxide treatment. Before and after the desalination treatment, stone was consolidated by nano-lime. After the treatment, the stone relief was stabilized and ready for return to stabile museum environment.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ugrina, H. and Marinković, V. and Mudronja, D.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 205-213

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Ugrina.etal:2021]

     Ugrina, H.; Marinković, V.; Mudronja, D. (2021): Fourteen century limestone deterioration: desalination and restoration criteria . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 205-213, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Preconsolidation, salt, disintegration, desalination, stone consolidation

     Abstract

     This paper describes conservation-restoration works carried out on the limestone dating 14th century, depicting St. Simeon and Elizabeth of Bosnia. Due to long-term exposure to environment in the museum yard and one inadequate restoration work in the 1950s, the stone showed a wide range of decay forms such as: delamination, exfoliation, disintegration, splintering, and powdering. The thickness and the shape of the damaged layers of the stone were variable. Laboratory research

     has shown a high concentration of soluble salts (chlorides, sulphates and nitrates, dominantly halite and gypsum), which caused accelerated decay of the limestone; therefore, the conservation-restoration process was focused on different desalination methods. Water baths were chosen for the desalination method, followed by barium hydroxide treatment. Before and after the desalination treatment, stone was consolidated by nano-lime. After the treatment, the stone relief was stabilized and ready for return to stabile museum environment.
152. Cit:Uno.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Uno, T.; Abuku, M.; Iba, C.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Environmental factors for salt weathering of modern Japanese brick chimney
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Uno.etal:2021, title = {Environmental factors for salt weathering of modern Japanese brick chimney }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {41-48}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In this study, we investigated the factors affecting the salt weathering of a brick chimney in a historical building used as a Japanese s ake brewery.The mapping of the weathered areas, field measurements of the thermal environment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the airflow and temperature in the brick chimney flue were conducted. The salt observed on the chimney was determined to be sodium sulfate(Na2SO4). The exhaust gas of the boiler was the major source of water and sodium sulfate. The water vapour in the hot exhaust gas with salts would condense on the cold surface inside the chimney flue, resulting in salt solution penetration into the brick; subsequently, water evaporation at the outside surface would lead to salt crystallisation. Our field observation showed that salt crystallisation was concentrated at 1 m above the floor but did not occur above 2 m, at the level where an exhaust pipe of the boiler gas was connected to the brick chimney. According to the surface temperature measurement results, the temperature increase at non-weathered areas was larger than that at weathered areas. The CFD analysis showed that warmer air moved upwards above the exhaust duct, whereas colder air remained stagnant below the exhaust duct. This result suggested that both the airflow and the corresponding temperature distribution in the brick chimney flue influenced the spatial distribution pattern of salt weathering.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, fulltext = {File:Tomoko-etal 2021 1.pdf}, author = {Uno, T. and Abuku, M. and Iba, C.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 41-48

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Uno.etal:2021]

     Uno, T.; Abuku, M.; Iba, C. (2021): Environmental factors for salt weathering of modern Japanese brick chimney . In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 41-48, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Field survey, environmental measurement, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis

     Abstract

     In this study, we investigated the factors affecting the salt weathering of a brick chimney in a historical building used as a Japanese s ake brewery.The mapping of the weathered areas, field measurements of the thermal environment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the airflow and temperature in the brick chimney flue were conducted. The salt observed on the chimney was determined to be sodium sulfate(Na2SO4). The exhaust gas of the boiler was the major source of water and sodium sulfate. The water vapour in the hot exhaust gas with salts would condense on the cold surface inside the chimney flue, resulting in salt solution penetration into the brick; subsequently, water evaporation at the outside surface would lead to salt crystallisation. Our field observation showed that salt crystallisation was concentrated at 1 m above the floor but did not occur above 2 m, at the level where an exhaust pipe of the boiler gas was connected to the brick chimney.

     According to the surface temperature measurement results, the temperature increase at non-weathered areas was larger than that at weathered areas. The CFD analysis showed that warmer air moved upwards above the exhaust duct, whereas colder air remained stagnant below the exhaust duct. This result suggested that both the airflow and the corresponding temperature distribution in the brick chimney flue influenced the spatial distribution pattern of salt weathering.
153. Cit:Viles.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Viles, H.A.; Goudie, A.S.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Salt weathering hazards revisited
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Viles.etal:2021, title = {Salt weathering hazards revisited}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {11-12}, publisher = {TU Delft Open }, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Viles, H.A. and Goudie, A.S.} }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 11-12

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Viles.etal:2021]

     Viles, H.A.; Goudie, A.S. (2021): Salt weathering hazards revisited. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 11-12, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Vulnerability, salinization, global heating, policymaking

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
154. Cit:Wijnhorst.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Wijnhorst, R.; Chekai, T.; Miranda, S. de; Pel, L.; Derluyn, H.; Shahidzadeh, N.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Crystallization damage at the interfaces of artworks
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Wijnhorst.etal:2021, title = {Crystallization damage at the interfaces of artworks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {195-197}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Wijnhorst, R. and Chekai, T. and Miranda, S. de and Pel, L. and Derluyn, H. and Shahidzadeh, N. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 195-197

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Wijnhorst.etal:2021]

     Wijnhorst, R.; Chekai, T.; Miranda, S. de; Pel, L.; Derluyn, H.; Shahidzadeh, N. (2021): Crystallization damage at the interfaces of artworks. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 195-197, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Crystallization damage, layered porous materials, ceramics, tiles, glaze defects

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
155. Cit:Yano.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Yano, S.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J.; Ogura, D.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Numerical simulation of sodium chloride crystallization in mosaic wall
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Yano.etal:2021, title = {Numerical simulation of sodium chloride crystallization in mosaic wall}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {191-193}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Yano, S. and Abuku, M. and Sasaki, J. and Ogura, D. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 191-193

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Yano.etal:2021]

     Yano, S.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J.; Ogura, D. (2021): Numerical simulation of sodium chloride crystallization in mosaic wall. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 191-193, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Tessera, moisture transport, phase change, crystallization pressure, strain field

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
156. Cit:Larsen.etal:1999
     

     Autor	Larsen, P. K.; Bøllingtoft, P.
     Jahr	1999
     Titel	Desalination of a painted brick vault in Kirkerup Church
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Larsen.etal:1999, title = {Desalination of a painted brick vault in Kirkerup Church}, booktitle = {Preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 29 August - 3 September}, year = {1999}, volume = {volume II}, pages = {473-477}, address = {Lyon, France}, publisher = {ICOM}, note = {Kinetics for NaCl movement by humidity alone are slow, and NaCl tends to move into mortar (from damaged bricks) when liquid water is present. A sudden disruption of a wall painting on a vault in Kirkerup Church was caused by the crystallisation of sodium chloride. An attempt was made to desalinate the surface and to extract some of the salt from the upper side of the vault. Various ways of applying moisture to the vault were tried. Both lime mortar and a specially designed salt-extraction mortar were tested as a sacrificial plaster. The main problem was that the salt redistributed within the vault because of the water supplied by the mortar. The main benefit of a thick mortar on top of the vault is to protect against moisture from above.}, key = {salt crystallization}, author = {Larsen, Poul K. and Bøllingtoft, Peter} }
     DOI	-
     Link	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Poul-Larsen-2/publication/268362632_Desalination_of_a_painted_brick_vault_in_Kirkerup_Church/links/54dddb720cf22a26721d07ce/Desalination-of-a-painted-brick-vault-in-Kirkerup-Church.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 29 August - 3 September,ICOM S.473-477

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Larsen.etal:1999]

     Larsen, Poul K.; Bøllingtoft, Peter (1999): Desalination of a painted brick vault in Kirkerup Church. In:: Preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 29 August - 3 September,ICOM 473-477, Webadresse.

     Abstract

     Kinetics for NaCl movement by humidity alone are slow, and NaCl tends to move into mortar (from damaged bricks) when liquid water is present. A sudden disruption of a wall painting on a vault in Kirkerup Church was caused by the crystallisation of sodium chloride. An attempt was made to desalinate the surface and to extract some of the salt from the upper side of the vault. Various ways of applying moisture to the vault were tried. Both lime mortar and a specially designed salt-extraction mortar were tested as a sacrificial plaster. The main problem was that the salt redistributed within the vault because of the water supplied by the mortar. The main benefit of a thick mortar on top of the vault is to protect against moisture from above.

     Keywords

     NaCl, Desalination, Sacrificial plaster
157. Cit:Padfield:1998
     

     Autor	Padfield, T.
     Jahr	1998
     Titel	The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating Changes of Relative Humidity
     Bibtex	@phdthesis { Padfield:1998, title = {The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating Changes of Relative Humidity}, school = {Technical University of Denmark}, year = {1998}, type = {PhD thesis}, note = {Academic Department: Department of Structural Engineering and Materials}, author = {Padfield, T.} }
     DOI	-
     Link	https://conservationphysics.org/phd/ch1a.pdf
     Bemerkungen	PhD thesis, Technical University of Denmark

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Padfield:1998]

     Padfield, T. (1998): The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating Changes of Relative Humidity. PhD thesis, Technical University of Denmark

158. Cit:Pique.etal:1992
     

     Autor	Piqué, F.; Dei, L.; Ferroni, E.
     Jahr	1992
     Titel	Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation
     Bibtex	@article { Pique.etal:1992, title = {Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation}, journal = {Studies in Conservation}, year = {1992}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {217-227}, note = {Soluble salts are among the main causes of deterioration in wall paintings and the study of their properties is of both theoretical and practical benefit. For the purposes of this paper calcium nitrate, a deliquescent salt commonly found in wall paintings, was selected to clarify the role played by very hygroscopic salts in wall painting deterioration. The most suitable methods for analysis of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate have been identified, the environmental conditions under which salt activity may occur checked and some physicochemical parameters suggested for controlling the environment in order to avert such activity. The kinetics of water sorption have been studied to identify the various factors which might affect the rate of deliquescence. The variables included the mass of the salt, the presence of other salts, and the kind of support on which the salt is deposited. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were found to be the most reliable and practical techniques to identify the salt. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was found to deliquesce easily and recrystallize under environmental conditions typically prevailing for wall paintings. of the variables studied, the support had significant effect on the water sorption kinetics and, most significantly for wall paintings, it was found the deliquescence would occur most rapidly in plaster. -- CAL}, author = {Piqué, F. and Dei, L. and Ferroni, E.} }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1992.37.4.217
     Link	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francesca-Pique/publication/271793495_Physicochemical_Aspects_of_the_Deliquescence_of_Calcium_Nitrate_and_Its_Implications_for_Wall_Painting_Conservation/links/57eb97a308ae4119b282a9ee/Physicochemical-Aspects-of-the-Deliquescence-of-Calcium-Nitrate-and-Its-Implications-for-Wall-Painting-Conservation.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Studies in Conservation, 37 (4), S. 217-227

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Pique.etal:1992]

     Piqué, F.; Dei, L.; Ferroni, E. (1992): Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation. In: Studies in Conservation, 37 (4), 217-227

     Abstract

     Soluble salts are among the main causes of deterioration in wall paintings and the study of their properties is of both theoretical and practical benefit. For the purposes of this paper calcium nitrate, a deliquescent salt commonly found in wall paintings, was selected to clarify the role played by very hygroscopic salts in wall painting deterioration. The most suitable methods for analysis of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate have been identified, the environmental conditions under which salt activity may occur checked and some physicochemical parameters suggested for controlling the environment in order to avert such activity. The kinetics of water sorption have been studied to identify the various factors which might affect the rate of deliquescence. The variables included the mass of the salt, the presence of other salts, and the kind of support on which the salt is deposited. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were found to be the most reliable and practical techniques to identify the salt. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was found to deliquesce easily and recrystallize under environmental conditions typically prevailing for wall paintings. of the variables studied, the support had significant effect on the water sorption kinetics and, most significantly for wall paintings, it was found the deliquescence would occur most rapidly in plaster.
159. Cit:Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011
     

     Autor	Kontozova-Deutsch, V. ; Cardell, C. ; Urosevic, M. ; Ruiz-Agudo, E.  ; Deutsch, F. ; Van Grieken, R.
     Jahr	2011
     Titel	Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain)
     Bibtex	@article { Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011, title = {Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain)}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, year = {2011}, volume = {63}, number = {7}, pages = {1433--1445}, doi = {10.1007/s12665-010-0657-5}, author = {Kontozova-Deutsch, Velichka and Cardell, Carolina and Urosevic, Maja and Ruiz-Agudo,Encarnación and Deutsch, Felix and Van Grieken, René } }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0657-5
     Link	https://www.ugr.es/~grupo179/pdf/Cardell%202011.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Environmental Earth Sciences, 63 (7), 1433-1445

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011]

     Kontozova-Deutsch, Velichka ; Cardell, Carolina ; Urosevic, Maja ; Ruiz-Agudo,Encarnación  ; Deutsch, Felix ; Van Grieken, René (2011): Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain). In: Environmental Earth Sciences, 63 (7), 1433--1445, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0657-5

160. Cit:Tedeschi.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Tedeschi, C.; Di Benedetto, F.; Montegrossi; G. Coppola, M.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021b, title = {Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {359-360}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf}, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Di Benedetto, F. and Montegrossi and G. Coppola, M. } }
     DOI
     Link
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 359-360

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     
     

     Keywords

     Coastal towers, Northern Puglia, limestone, Gargano, sea-salt aerosol

     Abstract

     Artikel nur Abstract
161. Cit:Lubelli:2021
     

     Autor	Lubelli, B. and RILEM TC 271-ASC members
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	A new accelerated laboratory test for the assessment of the durability of materials with respect to salt crystallization
     Bibtex	@inproceedings { Lubelli:2021, title = {A new accelerated laboratory test for the assessment of the durability of materials with respect to salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {55-67}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC was set up in 2016 with the aim of developing an improved procedure for the assessment of the durability of porous building materials, such as brick and natural stone, against salt crystallization, accelerating the deterioration process without significantly altering its mechanism.The test procedure developed by the TC 271-ASC proposes a new approach to saltcrystallization tests. It starts from the consideration that it is necessary to accumulate a certain amount of salt to activate the damage. Thus salt damage can be seen as a process developing in two phases: accumulation and propagation. Based on this approach, a new salt crystallization test procedure has been defined, consisting of two phases: a first phase, in which salts are introduced in the material and accumulate close to the evaporation surface, followed by a second phase, in which damage propagates because of repeated dissolution and crystallization cycles induced by re-wetting with liquid water and by relative humidity (RH) changes. In this paper the procedure is described and the reasons for the choices made are elucidated. The procedure has been tested on two types of limestone and, at the moment of writing, is being validated in a round robin test carried out on 9 different substrates and involving 11 laboratories. Based on the results of the round robin test, the procedure will be fine-tuned.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Lubelli, B. and RILEM TC 271-ASC members} }
     DOI	-
     Link	-
     Bemerkungen	in: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open S.55-67

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Lubelli:2021]

     Lubelli, B.; RILEM TC 271-ASC members (2021): A new accelerated laboratory test for the assessment of the durability of materials with respect to salt crystallization. In: Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,TU Delft Open 55-67, Webadresse.

     Keywords

     Salt weathering, test procedure, assessment methods, RILEM TC 271-ASC

     Abstract

     The RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC was set up in 2016 with the aim of developing an improved procedure for the assessment of the durability of porous building materials, such as brick and natural stone, against salt crystallization, accelerating the deterioration process without significantly altering its mechanism.The test procedure developed by the TC 271-ASC proposes a new approach to saltcrystallization tests. It starts from the consideration that it is necessary to accumulate a certain amount of salt to activate the damage. Thus salt damage can be seen as a process developing in two phases: accumulation and propagation. Based on this approach, a new salt crystallization test procedure has been defined, consisting of two phases: a first phase, in which salts are introduced in the material and accumulate close to the evaporation surface, followed by a second phase, in which damage propagates because of repeated dissolution and crystallization cycles induced by re-wetting with liquid water and by relative humidity (RH) changes. In this paper the procedure is described and the reasons for the choices made are elucidated. The procedure has been tested on two types of limestone and, at the moment of writing, is being validated in a round robin test carried out on 9 different

     substrates and involving 11 laboratories. Based on the results of the round robin test, the procedure will be fine-tuned.
162. Cit:Lubelli.etal:2021
     

     Autor	Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Japanese Brick Chimney
     Bibtex	@proceedings { Lubelli.etal:2021, title = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Japanese Brick Chimney}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Delft University of Technology Delft, the Netherlands 22-24 September 2021 ISBN 978-94-6366-439-4}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf} }
     DOI	-
     Link	https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in:

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Lubelli.etal:2021]

     Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J. (Hrsg.) (2021): Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Japanese Brick Chimney, TU Delft Open, Webadresse.

     Abstract

     Keywords

163. Cit:Siedel:2008
     

     Autor	Siedel, H.
     Jahr	2008
     Titel	Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes
     Bibtex	@incollection {Siedel:2008, title = {Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes}, booktitle = {Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, publisher = {Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark}, year = {2008}, editor = {Ottosen, L. M. and Rörig-Dalgaard, I. and Larsen, P. K. and Brajer, I. and Bøllingtoft, P. and Marciniak, M. and Svane, M.}, address = {}, pages = {79-88}, author = {Siedel, H.} }
     DOI	-
     Link	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjy_tXe6PH9AhXIQPEDHUysAssQFnoECAkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.hawk-hhg.de%2Fimages%2F8%2F8a%2FSiedel-SWBSS-2008.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3F_Wa1B7RaeeGjzaDK4x63
     Bemerkungen	in: Ottosen, L. M.; Rörig-Dalgaard, I.; Larsen, P. K.; Brajer, I.; Bøllingtoft, P.; Marciniak, M.; Svane, M. (Hrsg.): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, S. 79-88

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Siedel:2008]

     Siedel, H. (2008): Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes. In: Ottosen, L. M.; Rörig-Dalgaard, I.; Larsen, P. K.; Brajer, I.; Bøllingtoft, P.; Marciniak, M.; Svane, M. (Hrsg.): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 79-88,

     Abstract

     Studies of stone texture and spatial distribution of soluble salts were carried out at the historical façade of the church of St. Kunigunden in Rochlitz in order to explain the occurrence of alveolar weathering on the building stone, a local rhyolithe tuff. The rhyolithe tuff contains lapilli inclusions with porosities and water uptake quite different to those of the stone matrix. No alveolar weathering was observed in the walls near the ground where gypsum was the dominant salt. In the zone above, which, in addition to nitrates and chlorides, is loaded with magnesium sulphate and gypsum, the lapilli inclusions preferentially weather out due to salt cristallization, thus forming single, isolated pits. The formation of these pits leads to a distinct spatial distribution of magnesium sulphate and gypsum. Magnesium sulphate is accumulated in sheltered position at the bottom of the holes whereas gypsum is concentrated near the surface. Accelerated weathering due to hydration/dehydration activities of magnesium sulphate causes further material loss in the holes. The enlargement of the holes becomes a self-perpetuating process at this stage. Finally they coalesce, forming mature alveolar structures with holes and ridges. The heterogeneous structure of the building stone as well as the high content of magnesium sulphate in the affected zone are preconditions for alveolar weathering in the case investigated in this study.

     Keywords

     Stone masonry, tuff, lapilli inclusions, salt decay, alveolar weathering
164. Cit:Verges-Belmin.etal:2008
     

     Autor	Snethlage, R. and Simon, S. and Heinrichs, K. and Petzet, M. and Ziesemer, J.
     Jahr	2008
     Titel	Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	http://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2087/
     Bemerkungen	ICOMOS, Corporate Authors: ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone (ISCS)

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [0]

     Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.

     Abstract

     Das internationale wissenschaftliche Komitee für Stein (ISCS) von ICOMOS bietet ein Forum für den Austausch von Erfahrungen, Ideen und Wissen im Bereich der Steinkonservierung. Die Arbeit des ISCS hat zum Ziel, den Stand des Wissens zu festgelegten Themen kritisch zusammenzufassen, zu publizieren und zu verbreiten. Die Vereinfachung und die Entschlüsselung von Fachbegriffen und Fachinformationen für Praktiker ist gleichfalls Bestandteil der Aktivitäten des ISCS. In Untersuchungen zur Steinverwitterung und Steinkonservierung können verwirrende Terminologien zu größeren Verständigungs schwierigkeiten zwischen Wissenschaftlern, Konservatoren und Handwerkern führen. Es ist deshalb von entscheidender Bedeutung, eine gemeinsame Sprache zu entwickeln. Wenn Verwitterungsformen abgebildet, bezeichnet und beschrieben sind, dann können sie bei künftigen Untersuchungen leichter erkannt und mit den vorliegenden Schadensformen verglichen werden. Das illustrierte ISCS Glossar stellt ein wichtiges Werkzeug für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion über die Verwitterungsphänomene und Verwitterungsprozesse dar. Es ist auch eine ausgezeichnete Grundlage für Lehrveranstaltungen auf dem Gebiet der Gesteinsverwitterung. Das ISCS Glossar basiert auf einer sorgfältigen Prüfung bereits existierender Glossare der englischen Begriffe. Es hat nicht zum Ziel, jene Glossare zu ersetzen, die teilweise in anderen Sprachen verfasst sind als Englisch und meist einem hohen Standard entsprechen.

     Keywords

     stone; deterioration; conservation of cultural heritage; glossary; decay; documentation; scientific research
165. Cit:Weber.etal:1996
     

     Autor	Weber, J. and Leitner, H. and Gaggl, W. and Szambelan, R.
     Jahr	1996
     Titel	Crystallization of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study
     Bibtex	@incollection { Weber.etal:1996, title = {Crystallization of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study}, booktitle = {Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments}, publisher = {Tecnomack}, year = {1996}, editor = {Zezza, F.}, address = {Bari, Italy}, pages = {167-179}, author = {Weber, J. and Leitner, H. and Gaggl, W. and Szambelan, R.} }
     DOI	-
     Link	http://aei.pitt.edu/52354/1/A7256res.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Zezza, F. (Hrsg.): Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments, Tecnomack, S. 167-179,

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Weber.etal:1996]

     Weber, J.; Leitner, H.; Gaggl, W.; Szambelan, R. (1996): Crystallization of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study. In: Zezza, F. (Hrsg.): Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments, Tecnomack, 167-179, Webadresse.

     Abstract

     Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments. European Commission, Research Workshop, Proceedings 25 - 27 March 1996, Bari (Italy). Protection and Conservation of European Cultural Heritage, Research Report no. 4

     Keywords

     Salz, Salzverteilung, SO4-Verteilung, Gips, Epsomit, Entsalzung, Kompresse, Salzextraktion
166. Cit:Siegesmund.etal:2023
     

     Autor	Siegesmund, S. and Gross, C.J. and Dohrmann, R. and Marler, B. and Ufer, K. and Koch T.
     Jahr	2023
     Titel	Moisture expansion of tuff stones and sandstones
     Bibtex	@article{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2, author = {Siegesmund, S. and Gross, C.J. and Dohrmann, R. and Marler, B. and Ufer, K. and Koch T.}, title = {Moisture expansion of tuff stones and sandstones}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {83}, number = {146}, year = {2023}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2}, URL = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2#citeas}, } }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2
     Link	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2#citeas
     Bemerkungen	in: Environmental Earth Sciences, 83, 146

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Siegesmund.etal:2023]

     Siegesmund, S.; Gross, C.J.; Dohrmann, R.; Marler, B.; Ufer, K.; Koch T. (2023): Moisture expansion of tuff stones and sandstones. In: Environmental Earth Sciences, 83 (146), Webadresse

     Abstract

     Volcanic tuffs and sandstones have been used as natural building stones in the construction of monuments and buildings over the millennia of human history. Progressive weathering over time (e.g., temperature fluctuations, moisture uptake, variations in humidity, precipitation, the input of modern-day pollutants or salt crystallization) lead to damages in the internal structure of the stone. Scaling and layer-parallel flaking of rock fragments result from these types of damage-causing processes, especially when swellable clay minerals are present that lead to the generation of stresses in the rock fabric. Tuff and sandstone samples that exemplify these types of damages are investigated in this study, which were used in the construction of cultural heritage sites in Armenia, Mexico, Germany and Switzerland. Comparisons are made between these rock types considering that they show strong variations in fabric heterogeneity, grain sizes, mineralogical composition (e.g., swellable clay- and zeolite-bearing minerals), and visible macroscopic features such as depositional layering. Comprehensive investigations have been carried out that include detailed petrographic analyses, XRD analyses for the determination of the swellable and non-swellable clay fraction and minerals of the zeolite group, the cation exchange capacity (CEC), detailed SEM surveys for determining the type and localization of clays and zeolites in the rock fabric, as well as defining the petrophysical properties (e.g., porosity, capillary water uptake, water absorption, hydric expansion and mechanical properties). Moreover, this study explores the possible interaction between swellable clay minerals and zeolites (mordenite, heulandite/clinoptilolite) by conducting swelling experiments with salts and solvents and fluid-exchange experiments with and without the presence of zeolites. To explain the damages caused by the expansion in the tuffs and sandstones, two principle modes of moisture expansion are discussed when swellable clay minerals are present in the rock. These are dominantly inner or intracrystalline swelling, and secondarily, intercrystalline or osmotic swelling. When no swellable clay minerals are present, the study explains the damages in tuffs and sandstones as the result of disjoining pressure, where a high percentage of microporosity plays a pivotal role.
167. Cit:Godts.etal:2021a
     

     Autor	Godts, S. and Orr, S.A. and Desarnaud, J. and Steiger, M. and Wilhelm, K. and De Clercq, H. and Cnudde, V. and De Kock, T.
     Jahr	2021
     Titel	NaCl-related weathering of stone: the importance of kinetics and salt mixtures in environmental risk assessment
     Bibtex	@article{https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3, author = {Godts, S. and Orr, S.A. and Desarnaud, J. and Steiger, M. and Wilhelm, K. and De Clercq, H. and Cnudde, V. and De Kock, T.}, title = {NaCl-related weathering of stone: the importance of kinetics and salt mixtures in environmental risk assessment}, journal = {Heritage Science}, volume = {9}, number = {44}, year = {2021}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3}, URL = {https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3#citeas}, } }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3
     Link	https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3#citeas
     Bemerkungen	in: Heritage Science, 9, 44

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Godts.etal:2021a]

     Godts, S.; Orr, S.A.; Desarnaud, J.; Steiger, M.; Wilhelm, K.; De Clercq, H.; Cnudde, V.; De Kock, T. (2021): NaCl-related weathering of stone: the importance of kinetics and salt mixtures in environmental risk assessment. In: Heritage Science, 9 (44), Webadresse

     Abstract

     Salt weathering is one of the most important causes of deterioration in the built environment. Two crucial aspects need further investigation to understand the processes and find suitable measures: the impact of different climatic environments and the properties of salt mixture crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of kinetics in quantifying crystallization and dissolution cycles by combining droplet and capillary laboratory experiments with climate data analysis. The results proved that dissolution times for pure NaCl are typically slower than crystallization, while thermodynamic modelling showed a lower RHeq of NaCl (65.5%) in a salt mixture (commonly found in the built heritage) compared to its RH eq as a single salt (75.5%). Following the results, a minimum time of 30 min is considered for dissolution and the two main RH eq thresholds could be applied to climate data analysis. The predicted number of dissolution/crystallization cycles was significantly dependent on the measurement frequency (or equivalent averag- ing period) of the climatic data. An analysis of corresponding rural and urban climate demonstrated the impact of spatial phenomena (such as the urban heat island) on the predicted frequency cycles. The findings are fundamental to improve appropriate timescale windows that can be applied to climate data and to illustrate a methodology to

     quantify salt crystallization cycles in realistic environments as a risk assessment procedure. The results are the basis for future work to improve the accuracy of salt risk assessment by including the kinetics of salt mixtures.
168. Cit:Pescari.etal:2023
     

     Autor	Pescari, S. and Budău, L. and Beatrice Vîlceanu, C.
     Jahr	2023
     Titel	Rehabilitation and restauration of the main façade of historical masonry building –Romanian National Opera Timisoara
     Bibtex	@article{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01838, author = {Pescari, S. and Budău, L. and Beatrice Vîlceanu, C.}, title = {Rehabilitation and restauration of the main façade of historical masonry building –Romanian National Opera Timisoara}, journal = {Case Studies in Construction Materials}, volume = {18}, number = {}, year = {2023}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2}, URL = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509523000177?via%3Dihub}, } }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01838
     Link	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509523000177?via%3Dihub
     Bemerkungen	in: Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01838

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Pescari.etal:2023]

     Pescari, S.; Budău, L.; Beatrice Vîlceanu, C. (2023): Rehabilitation and restauration of the main façade of historical masonry building –Romanian National Opera Timisoara. In: Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18 (), 01838, Webadresse

     Abstract

     A typical characteristic that generally defines historic buildings is certainly the age of the buildings. The life cycle of historic buildings is out of date, the vast majority being hundreds of years old. Naturally, as time has gone by, buildings have been subjected to the degradation process. The cultural and historical value of these buildings are the subject of a particular focus on finding rehabilitation and restoration solutions that meet both architectural and structural requirements. A lot of the historical buildings are buildings with structure from brick masonry walls, as is and the case of the Romanian National Opera from Timisoara. Thus, this paper aims to address the subject of the deficiencies faced by the materials that make up the facade of the historic masonry building - Romanian National Opera Timisoara in order to find the optimal solution for rehabilitation and restoration. In the first phase, the characteristics of the analysed building are presented as well as the historical context throughout its existence. The methodology of travertine testing is described, including pull-off and porosity tests and morphological and mineralogical analyses as well as a thermography of the façade. The results of the non-destructive and destructive tests carried out on the bricks extracted from the masonry wall of the Opera House as well as the testing procedure are also presented. A comparison of the methods of rehabilitation and restoration of brick masonry buildings was also made. The paper includes details regarding the initial situation of the building’s damaged façade, but the main scope is to evaluate the causes of the façade’s cracks which have led to the need of façade rehabilitation and restauration works. The deficiencies of the travertine plates that make up the façade as well as the structural walls are described. Thus, for the rehabilitation of the masonry walls, a reinforced plaster lining was chosen, at the same time the existing cracks were filled by injections of cement milk, while for the restoration of the façade, the existing travertine tiles were replaced with new tiles with the same aesthetic configuration. In conclusion, the focus is on highlighting the efficiency of the chosen rehabilitation solution as well as that of restoration works executed in order to prolong the building’s life cycle. The conclusions of the study also highlights the importance and necessity of preserving heritage buildings in Romania in order to complete the historical and cultural space.
169. Cit:Saidov:2012
     

     Autor	Saidov, T. A.
     Jahr	2012
     Titel	Sodium sulfate heptahydrate in weathering phenomena of porous materials
     Bibtex
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.6100/IR737583
     Link	https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/3710663/737583.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Dissertation, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Saidov:2012]

     Saidov, Tamerlan (2012): Sodium sulfate heptahydrate in weathering phenomena of porous materials. Dissertation, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Webadresse

     Abstract

     Salt weathering is widely recognized as one of the most common mechanisms for deterioration of porous materials: monuments, sculptures and civil structures. One of the most damaging salts is sodium sulfate, which can have different crystalline modifications: thenardite (anhydrous), mirabilite (Na2SO4.10H2O), and heptahydrate (Na2SO4.7H2O), which is thermodynamically metastable. Na2SO4.7H2O has a well-defined supersolubility region limited by the so-called heptahydrate supersolubility line. To predict and prevent crystallization damage of porous materials it is necessary to know the salt phase that is responsible for damage as well as its nucleation and growth behavior. The crystallization of sodium sulfate can be induced by increasing the supersaturation either by drying or by cooling of a sample. In this study the supersaturation was measured non-destructively by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). First, the crystallization was studied in bulk solutions. For this purpose an NMR setup was combined with time lapse digital microscopy, allowing simultaneous measurement of supersaturation in a droplet and visualization of the crystal growth. Two crystallization mechanisms were tested: diffusion controlled and adsorption controlled. The crystallization of heptahydrate was found to have so-called adsorption-controlled behavior. As a second step towards understanding sodium sulfate crystallization in porous materials, mineral powders were added to sodium sulfate solutions. This allowed studying the transition from in-bulk to in-pore crystallization of sodium sulfate. It was found that mineral powders act as additional nucleation centers, which accelerate the precipitation of crystalline phases from a solution, but do not have an effect on the crystalline phase that is growing. Next, the crystallization of sodium sulfate in porous materials was studied. The internal properties of the materials influence the dynamics of crystallization by providing a surface for nucleation. This is in correspondence with grain-boundary crystallization theory. It was found that the internal properties of porous materials do not influence the crystalline phase that is formed. In all measurements that were performed, the formation of sodium sulfate heptahydrate was observed with a reproducibility of 95%. No spontaneous crystallization of mirabilite directly from a solution was observed. Finally, the crystallization pressure was studied. To this end NMR measurements and optical length measuring techniques were combined. This allowed studying the crystalline phase being formed and the crystallization pressure caused by crystal formation during cooling and drying of the samples. It was found that a crystallization pressure capable to damage common porous materials can be expected from mirabilite. Series of weathering tests showed two ways for mirabilite formation: cooling of sodium sulfate solution to cryohydrates and rewetting of previously formed thenardite.

     Keywords

     sodiumsulfate, heptahydrate
170. Cit:Arnold.etal:1991
     

     Autor	Arnold, Andreas; Zehnder, Konrad
     Jahr	1991
     Titel	Monitoring Wall Paintings Affected by soluble Salts
     Bibtex	@article{article, author = {Arnold, A. and Zehnder, Konrad}, year = {1991}, month = {01}, pages = {103-136}, title = {Monitoring wall paintings affected by soluble salts}, journal = {The Conservation of Wall Paintings} }
     DOI	-
     Link	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Konrad-Zehnder/publication/285316037_Monitoring_wall_paintings_affected_by_soluble_salts/links/57d2bf0c08ae601b39a41ae7/Monitoring-wall-paintings-affected-by-soluble-salts.pdf
     Bemerkungen	In: Cather, Sharon (Hrsg.): The Conservation of Wall Paintings: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Coutrauld Institut of Art and the Getty Conservation Institute, London, July 13-16, The Getty Conservation Institute, S. 103-136

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Arnold.etal:1991]

     Arnold, Andreas; Zehnder, Konrad (1991): Monitoring Wall Paintings Affected by soluble Salts. In: Cather, Sharon (Hrsg.): The Conservation of Wall Paintings: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Coutrauld Institut of Art and the Getty Conservation Institute, London, July 13-16, The Getty Conservation Institute, 103-136, Webadresse.

     
     

     Abstract

     Keywords

     soluble Salt, Wall Paintings, Monitoring
171. Cit:BlaeuerBoehm:1990
     

     Autor	Bläuer Böhm, C.
     Jahr	1990
     Titel	Salze und Salzkrusten
     Bibtex	@incollection { BlaeuerBoehm:1990, title = {Salze und Salzkrusten}, booktitle = {Wandmalerei-Schäden. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen}, publisher = { }, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, address = {Hannover}, pages = {110-114}, author = {Bläuer Böhm, C.} }
     DOI	-
     Link	-
     Bemerkungen	In: Wandmalerei-Schäden. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen, S. 110-114

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [BlaeuerBoehm:1990]

     Bläuer Böhm, C. (1990): Salze und Salzkrusten. In:: Wandmalerei-Schäden. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen, , 110-114.

     Abstract

     Keywords

172. Cit:Steiger:2005
     

     Autor	Steiger, M.
     Jahr	2005
     Titel	Crystal growth in porous materials: I. The crystallization pressure of large crystals
     Bibtex	@article{STEIGER2005455, title = {Crystal growth in porous materials—I: The crystallization pressure of large crystals}, journal = {Journal of Crystal Growth}, volume = {282}, number = {3}, pages = {455-469}, year = {2005}, issn = {0022-0248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.007 }, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022024805005920}, author = {Michael Steiger}, keywords = {A1. Stresses, A1. Supersaturated solutions, B1. Salts, B1. Sodium chloride}, abstract = {A critical review of the existing literature on the pressure exerted by growing crystals in porous materials reveals that a number of different equations are in use. A derivation of an equation for the crystallization pressure based on the chemical potentials of the loaded and the unloaded faces of a growing crystal is provided. The equation obtained is compared to other equations available in the literature and the different approaches are discussed in detail. The treatment also includes the non-ideal behavior of the liquid phase using the ion interaction approach (Pitzer equations) which is well-established in solution thermodynamics. Incorporating the ion interaction equations in the crystallization pressure equation yields a quite simple expression that appears to be more convenient than previous treatments. The equation is applied to calculate crystallization pressures for supersaturated solutions of aqueous NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, and MgSO4 including the various hydrated forms of these salts. Depending on the nature of the salt, neglecting the non-ideal behavior may cause considerable error in crystallization pressure calculations. Finally, it is emphasized that the basic assumption of non-uniform pressure is fundamental to understand the dynamics of crystallization pressure evolving in porous materials.} }
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.007
     Link	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022024805005920
     Bemerkungen	in: Journal of Crystal Growth, Band 282, Nummer 3, S. 455-469

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Steiger:2005]

     Steiger, Michael (2005): Crystal growth in porous materials: I. The crystallization pressure of large crystals. In: Journal of Crystal Growth, 282 (3), 455-469, Webadresse

173. Cit:Bourges.etal:2008
     

     Autor	Bourgès, A. and Vergès-Belmin, V.
     Jahr	2008
     Titel	Comparison and optimization of five desalination systems on inner walls of Saint Philibert church in Dijon, France
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:Bourges_Belmin_Cop2008.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Ottosen, Lisbeth M. and Rörig-Dalgaard, Inge and Larsen , Poul Klenz and Brajer, Isabelle and Bøllingtoft, Peder and Marciniak, Mette and Svane, Maja, Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, S. 29-41

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Bourges.etal:2008]

     Bourgès, Anne; Vergès-Belmin, Veronique (2008): Comparison and optimization of five desalination systems on inner walls of Saint Philibert church in Dijon, France. In: Ottosen, Lisbeth M.; Rörig-Dalgaard, Inge; Larsen , Poul Klenz; Brajer, Isabelle; Bøllingtoft, Peder; Marciniak, Mette; Svane, Maja (Hrsg.): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DenmarkTechnical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 29-41, Webadresse.

174. Cit:Franzen.etal:2008
     

     Autor	Franzen, C. and Hoferick, F. and Laue, S. and Siedel, H.
     Jahr	2008
     Titel	Water bath desalination of sandstone objects
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:Bath_desal_2008_Torun.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Lukasziewicz, J. and Niemcewicz, Piotr, Proceedings 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, Band, 2, S. 881-888,

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Franzen.etal:2008]

     Franzen, Christoph; Hoferick, Frank; Laue, Steffen; Siedel, Heiner (2008): Water bath desalination of sandstone objects. In: Lukasziewicz, J.; Niemcewicz, Piotr (Hrsg.): Proceedings 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, -, 881-888, Webadresse.

     Abstract

     Water bath desalination is a widely used technique in restoration. To understand the behavior of the salts, their distribution during the measure and their movements a case study was analytically documented. The example of a sandstone vase from the Dresden Zwinger showed interesting results. The salt solution in the water bath concentrates on the bottom of the water trough. The composition in the desalination water changes over time. Salts are redistributed in the desalinated object by the final drying. The drying at the end of the measure is proceeded as very effective poultice desalination. Water bath desalination can be monitored and maintained by regular measurement of the electrical conductivity of the bath water.

     Keywords

     restoration, salts, desalination, conductivity, poultice
175. Cit:Dreyfuss.etal:2018
     

     Autor	Dreyfuss, T.; Cassar, J.
     Jahr	2018
     Titel	Consolidating porous limestone: from the laboratory to the field
     Bibtex
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.5165/hawk-hhg/432
     Link	https://www.hornemann-institut.de/de/epubl_download.php?epid=196&et=1&tbid=&eamail=
     Bemerkungen	in: KONSOLIDIEREN UND KOMMUNIZIEREN Materialien und Methoden zur Konsolidierung von Kunst- und Kulturgut im interdisziplinären Dialog: Tagungsband der internationalen Tagung der HAWK Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst in Hildesheim vom 25.–27. Januar 2018 anlässlich des 30jährigen Jubiläums der Restaurierungsstudiengänge

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Dreyfuss.etal:2018]

     Dreyfuss, T.; Cassar, J. (2018): Consolidating porous limestone: from the laboratory to the field. In: Tagungsband der internationalen Tagung der HAWK Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst in Hildesheim vom 25.–27. Januar 2018 anlässlich des 30jährigen Jubiläums der Restaurierungsstudiengänge (Hrsg.): KONSOLIDIEREN UND KOMMUNIZIEREN Materialien und Methoden zur Konsolidierung von Kunst- und Kulturgut im interdisziplinären Dialog,Michael Imhof Verlag 80-91, Webadresse.

     Abstract

     The consolidation of a soft porous limestone, often heavily contaminated with soluble salts, and generally found making up the architectural and archaeological fabric in the Mediterranean, is being discussed here, in particular ammonium oxalate treatment. This treatment was chosen following positive results published in the literature and extended local research. The lack of suitable consolidating treatments for porous stone in such environments, as well as possible interactions of the proposed treatment with the naturally occurring soluble salts on site, initiated this research programme. The long-term study, which was structured into three independent but interrelated phases, aimed at investigating such possible interactions, one variable at a time, in the laboratory, and led to an understanding of the complex interactions on site. Soft and porous limestone is particularly susceptible to salt deterioration; one typical example of this is the Maltese Globigerina Limestone, a highly porous limestone which is representative of others present in the Mediterranean (other similar examples include Pietra di Lecce and Pietra di Noto). This limestone from Malta was used throughout this research. Three soluble salt types were identified as being the most representative of a Mediterranean scenario, these being chlorides, sulfates and nitrates. In Phase 1, previously desalinated quarry samples were artificially contaminated with individual chloride, sulfate and nitrate salts of sodium, treated with ammonium oxalate and tested, under controlled laboratory conditions. This study then progressed to Phase 2, where a parallel set of salt-contaminated samples, identical to those studied in Phase 1, were introduced to external inland, urban conditions, treated on site, allowed to weather naturally for 1 year and then similarly tested in situ. In the third and final phase, naturally weathered stone on a wall in the same urban environment, forming part of a historical building, was characterized, treated and tested on site. In all cases, treatment was applied using a 5% ammonium oxalate monohydrate poultice, as established in the early 1980s. The testing, on untreated and treated stone, was designed to evaluate aesthetic changes through colorimetry, depths of calcium oxalate formation and physical properties of newly formed calcium oxalate through Drilling Resistance Measurement System (DRMS) and the tape test as well as the water transport properties through the contact sponge method. Treatment resulted in an aesthetic improvement, surface consolidation was verified, while adequate water transport properties in the liquid phase were retained. The depth of whewellite formed, which ranged from 0.7 mm to 1.6 mm, was found to be related to the presence of soluble salts during treatment. Results were considered to be very positive and also brought out further areas of research that merit investigation for the continued development of in situ conservation of salt-contaminated porous limestone, which could be applicable to similar stones in the Mediterranean. This will however need to be preceded by even further research, especially in situ.
176. Cit:Heritage.etal:2008
     

     Autor	Heritage, Adrian and Sawdy, Alison and Funke, Fredericke and Vergès-Belmin, Veronique and Bourgès, Anne
     Jahr	2008
     Titel	How do conservators tackle desalination? An international survey of current poulticing methods
     Bibtex
     DOI	https;//doi.org/10.1179/204705811X13159282692923
     Link	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alison-Heritage/publication/284044658_How_do_conservators_tackle_desalination_An_international_survey_of_current_poulticing_methods/links/5d512f2f4585153e594eabae/How-do-conservators-tackle-desalination-An-international-survey-of-current-poulticing-methods.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in:

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Heritage.etal:2008]

     Heritage, Adrian; Sawdy, Alison; Funke, Fredericke; Vergès-Belmin, Veronique; Bourgès, Anne (2008): How do conservators tackle desalination? An international survey of current poulticing methods. In: forthcoming (Hrsg.):, .

     Abstract

     Cellulose poultices are frequently used in stone and wall painting conservation for the purposes of soluble salt extraction, consolidation and cleaning.They have the reputation of being easy and pleasant to work with, have a neutral pH, high water absorption and plasticity, exhibit good conformance and adhesion to the substrate, and in most cases leave minimal residues after clearance.The cellulosic materials from which they are composed range from cotton wool, blotting paper or newspaper, to cellulose powders, the latter now by far the most common form of cellulose used today by conservators. Drawbacks of these products include poor water retention when applied to vertical surfaces, a tendency to redistribute salts further into the object substrate, and poor long-term treatment effectiveness for salt extraction. Hence cellulose poultices are used frequently due to good working properties, but apparently are in some situations not very effective. In this paper, existing knowledge of these poultices is outlined, followed by investigations undertaken to fill some of the knowledge gaps. Investigations include characterization of poultice properties such as pore size distribution and workability, and of moisture transport processes within poultice/substrate systems including moisture penetration depth, moisture distribution, and poultice shrinkage during drying. Cellulose powder products known under the trade name Arbocel®, extensively tested and used in conservation over several decades, were a particular focus. Resulting guidelines include counter-intuitive measures such as (when used for salt extraction purposes) the use of thinner poultices to reduce drying shrinkage and salt redistribution further into the substrate.The relatively uniform pore size distribution (around 10 µm) of Arbocel® poultices makes them more appropriate for salt extraction on substrates with a medium-coarse pore size (i.e. 15 µm and above), while on fine porous substrates (10 µm and below), the extraction will not be as efficient.
177. Cit:Verges-Belmin.etal:2005
     

     Autor	Vergès-Belmin, V. and Siedel, H.
     Jahr	2005
     Titel	Desalination of masonries and monumental sculptures by poulticing: a review
     Bibtex
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2005-6000
     Link	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287131060_Desalination_of_Masonries_and_Monumental_Sculptures_by_Poulticing_A_Review_Entsalzen_von_Mauerwerk_und_Steinfiguren_mit_Hilfe_von_Kompressen_Ein_Uberblick
     Bemerkungen	in: International Journal for Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, Band11 (6), S.391-407,

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Verges-Belmin.etal:2005]

     Vergès-Belmin, Veronique; Siedel, Heiner (2005): Desalination of masonries and monumental sculptures by poulticing: a review. In: International Journal for Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, 11 (6), 391-407

     Abstract

     Desalination by poulticing, i.e. extraction of soluble salts through the application of a moistened absorbing material on the surface of the object/masonry to be treated, often leads to questionable results although the method is very commonly used in architectural conservation. In the following paper a review of the various poultice desalination techniques is presented in order to determine where the gaps of knowledge occur and what further studies and experiments are needed to improve our knowledge in that field.

     Keywords

     Salts, desalination, poulticing, efficiency
178. Cit:Friese.etal:1999
     

     Autor	Friese, P. and Protz, A.
     Jahr	1999
     Titel	Salze im Mauerwerk - Möglichkeiten zur Entsalzung und zur Salzumwandlung
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	-
     Bemerkungen	in: Entfeuchtung/Entsalzung 10. Hanseatische Sanierungstage FAS - Schriftenreihe Heft 10, S.211-230

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Friese.etal:1999]

     Friese, Peter; Protz, A. (1999): Salze im Mauerwerk - Möglichkeiten zur Entsalzung und zur Salzumwandlung. In: Venzmer, H. (Hrsg.): Entfeuchtung/Entsalzung 10. Hanseatische Sanierungstage FAS - Schriftenreihe Heft 10, 211-230.

179. Cit:Hammer:1996
     

     Autor	Hammer, I.
     Jahr	1996
     Titel	Salze und Salzbehandlung in der Konservierung von Wandmalerei und Architekturoberfläche.
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjGxrWbi4v_AhXuR_EDHfzNAOMQFnoECAoQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fs252ac8e6d570e61f.jimcontent.com%2Fdownload%2Fversion%2F1667237720%2Fmodule%2F9825685165%2Fname%2FSalzvermTextAbbLit.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2ODadgFoBd1IvO8FUYZxI1
     Bemerkungen	in: Pursche, J. (Hrsg.): Salzschäden an Wandmalereien, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, S. 81-106

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Hammer:1996]

     Hammer, Ivo (1996): Salze und Salzbehandlung in der Konservierung von Wandmalerei und Architekturoberfläche.. In: Pursche, Jürgen (Hrsg.): Salzschäden an Wandmalereien, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, 81-106.

180. Cit:Bionda:2004
     

     Autor	Bionda, D.
     Jahr	2004
     Titel	Methodology for the preventive conservation of sensitive monuments: microclimate and salt activity in a church.
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Davide-Bionda/publication/265718013_Methodology_for_the_preventive_conservation_of_sensitive_monuments_microclimate_and_salt_activity_in_a_church/links/5516ceb20cf2f7d80a39ae29/Methodology-for-the-preventive-conservation-of-sensitive-monuments-microclimate-and-salt-activity-in-a-church.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Kwiatkowski, Daniel; Löfvendahl, Runo (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, ICOMOS Sweden, S. 627-634

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Bionda:2004]

     Bionda, Davide (2004): Methodology for the preventive conservation of sensitive monuments: microclimate and salt activity in a church. In: Kwiatkowski, Daniel; Löfvendahl, Runo (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, June 27 - July 2, ICOMOS Sweden, 627-634.

     Keywords

     microclimate, soluble salts, salt analysis, salt activity model, model validation, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate
181. Cit:Guelker.etal:2004
     

     Autor	Gülker, G. and Hinsch, K. and El Jarad, A.
     Jahr	2004
     Titel	Monitoring of salt-induced deformations in porous systems by Microscopic Speckel Pattern Interferometry
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://uol.de/fileadmin/user_upload/physik/ag-ehemalige/aop/download/paper/Guelker_2004_STONE.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Kwiatkowski, Daniel; Löfvendahl, Runo (Hrsg.): 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Proceedings, Stockholm, S.619-626

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Guelker.etal:2004]

     Gülker, Gerd; Hinsch, Klaus; El Jarad, A. (2004): Monitoring of salt-induced deformations in porous systems by Microscopic Speckel Pattern Interferometry. In: Kwiatkowski, Daniel; Löfvendahl, Runo (Hrsg.): 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Proceedings, Stockholm, June 27 - July 2, , 619-626.

     Abstract

     Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) has been used to monitor micro-deformations produced by phase transitions of magnesium sulfate in a porous material. Samples of fritted glass were chosen as a standard porous substrate because of its mean grain size, its porosity distribution, and its negligible humidity expansion. The glass sam-ples, soaked with salt solution, were exposed to changes in the relative humidity of the sur-rounding air. Due to the small grains of the samples in the range of 10 to 100 μm an ESPI-system with high lateral resolution was realized by imaging through a microscope and us-ing a HeCd-laser of short wavelength. For the first time deformations produced in a porous substrate during a hydration-dehydration cycle were successfully registered with high spa-tial resolution. The results are discussed on the basis of theoretical predictions.

     Keywords

     electronic speckle pattern interferometry, deformation measurement, salt crys-tallization, phase transition, porous material, dilation measurements, scanning electron microscopy.
182. Cit:Steiger.etal:1998
     

     Autor	Steiger, M. and Neumann, H.H. and Grodten, T. and Wittenburg, C. and Dannecker, W.
     Jahr	1998
     Titel	Salze in Natursteinmauerwerk - Probennahme, Messung und Interpretation
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/images/c/c7/Steiger_1998_Salze_in_Natursteinmauerwerk.pdf
     Bemerkungen	in: Snethlage, R. (Hrsg.): Jahresberichte Steinzerfall - Steinkonservierung 1994-1996, IRB-Verlag, S. 61-91

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Steiger.etal:1998]

     Steiger, Michael; Neumann, Hans-Herrmann; Grodten, Torsten; Wittenburg, Christian; Dannecker, Walter (1998): Salze in Natursteinmauerwerk - Probennahme, Messung und Interpretation. In: Snethlage, Rolf (Hrsg.): Jahresberichte Steinzerfall - Steinkonservierung 1994-1996, IRB-Verlag, 61-91.

     Abstract

     Es werden die grundsätzlichen Vorgehensweisen bei der Untersuchung der Salzbelastung historischer Natursteinbauwerke diskutiert. Das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Quellen und Transportprozesse von Salzen wird erläutert, und aus den sich hieraus ergebenden charakteristischen Verteilungen von Salzen werden die Anforderungen an eine problemorientierte Probenahmestrategie festgelegt. Ein vollständiges analytisches Verfahren von der Probenahme über geeignete Probenvorbereitungsschritte, der Festlegung der zu bestimmenden Komponenten und Möglichkeiten zur Qualitätssicherung wird vorgestellt und anhand von Fallbeispielen erläutert. Die Notwendigkeit, Salze am Bauwerk als ein dynamisches System zu betrachten, in dem ständig Phasenumwandlungen stattfinden, und die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen für die Analytik von Salzen werden ausführlich diskutiert. Insbesondere wird auf die Grenzen der Phasenanalytik von Salzen in Baustoffen hingewiesen. Anhand eines Fallbeispiels wird die Interpretation von Salzmessungen ausführlich demonstriert. Die Auswertung der am Kloster Birkenfeld durchgeführten Untersuchung eines Vertikalprofils belegt aufgrund der charakteristischen Salzverteilungen, daß aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit und der Eintrag von Luftschadstoffen (SO2) als Hauptquellen der hohen Versalzung des Bauwerks anzusehen sind. Unter Verwendung eines thermodynamischen Gleichgewichtsmodells werden die hygroskopischen Eigenschaften der Salzgemische und ihr Kristallisationsverhalten in verschiedenen Höhen untersucht. Die Berechnungen belegen, daß Schäden sowohl aufgrund der hygroskopischen Eigenschaften der Salzgemische durch Feuchtewechsel und damit verbundenene Quell-/Schwindvorgänge als auch aufgrund der über einen weiten Luftfeuchtebereich auftretenden Kristallisationszyklen verursacht werden. Das verwendete Modell erweist sich als sehr gut geeignet, das Verhalten von Salzgemischen in historischen Bauwerken vorherzusagen und Salzmessungen effizient auszuwerten.

     Keywords

     Salze, Salzverwitterung, Salzanalytik, Probenahme, Salzkristallisation, Feuchtigkeit, thermodynamisches Gleichgewichtsmodell

     salts, salt damage, salt analysis, sampling, crystallisation, moisture, chemical equilibrium model
183. Cit:Zehnder:2007
     

     Autor	Zehnder, K.
     Jahr	2007
     Titel	Long-term monitoring of wall paintings affected by soluble salts
     Bibtex
     DOI	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0463-2
     Link	-
     Bemerkungen	in: Environmental Geology, Band 52 (2), p.353-367

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Zehnder:2007]

     Zehnder, Konrad (2007): Long-term monitoring of wall paintings affected by soluble salts. In: Environmental Geology, 52 (2), 353-367, Webadresse

     Abstract

     Long-term monitoring of wall paintings in historical monuments aims at clarifying involved decay processes and at the same time controlling effects of interventions for conservation. Monitored decay processes relate to the crystallisation of various salts – particularly of nitronatrite and gypsum – from hygroscopic solutions accumulated in the zone of ground moisture. The salts crystallise in response to climatic variations and other environmental changes. Measures for conservation such as protection from water infiltration, reduction of heating temperature and reduction of surface salt accumulation cause a significant slow-down but not a stop of decay. The particular dynamics and causes of remaining slow decay processes are described on three sites in Switzerland: the convent church of Müstair, the crypt in the cathedral of Basel and the crypt in the Grossmünster church of Zürich.
184. Cit:Zier:2002
     

     Autor	Zier, H.-W.
     Jahr	2002
     Titel	Untersuchung der Salzbelastung - Analysenmethoden, Bewertung, Grenzwerte
     Bibtex
     DOI	-
     Link	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjL2O6m543_AhXaM-wKHTAyAlYQFnoECAgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fifs-mainz.de%2Fimages%2FIFS-Downloads%2FInhalt-Berichte%2FBericht14_Download.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2-Gg7mfIoXMQWMF8mpUw4M
     Bemerkungen	in: IFS (Hrsg.): Salze im historischen Mauerwerk: Aktuelles zu Herkunft, Schadenswirkung und Restaurierungsmaßnahmen, IFS-Tagung 2002, Institut für Steinkonservierung e.V. Mainz, S. 31-39

     
     Eintrag in der Bibliographie

     [Zier:2002]

     Zier, Hans-Werner (2002): Untersuchung der Salzbelastung - Analysenmethoden, Bewertung, Grenzwerte. In: IFS (Hrsg.): Salze im historischen Mauerwerk: Aktuelles zu Herkunft, Schadenswirkung und Restaurierungsmaßnahmen, IFS-Tagung 2002, Institut für Steinkonservierung e.V. Mainz, 31-39.

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[Cit:Mizutani.etal:2021]Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.
[Cit:Nunes.etal:2021]Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.
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Artikel	BibteX-Zitat
Siedel 2008	[Siedel:2008]Titel: Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, H.
Grassegger.etal 2009	[Grassegger.etal:2009]Titel: Salze und Salzschäden an Bauwerken Autor / Verfasser: Gabriele Grassegger; Hans-Jürgen Schwarz
Siedel 2009a	[Siedel:2009a]Titel: Zur Herkunft von Salzen an Bauwerken Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, Heiner
Brueggerhoff.etal 2009	[Brueggerhoff.etal:2009]Titel: Salze im Museum und in der Archäologie Autor / Verfasser: Stefan Brüggerhoff; Gerhard Eggert; Stefan Simon
Juling.etal 2009	[Juling.etal:2009]Titel: Schadensdiagnose Autor / Verfasser: Juling, Herbert; Franzen, Christoph
Laue.etal 2009	[Laue.etal:2009]Titel: Monitoring Autor / Verfasser: Laue, Steffen; Bläuer, Christine; Stadlbauer, Erwin
Nicolai 2009	[Nicolai:2009]Titel: Modellierung und Simulation von Transportprozessen und Phasenumwandlungen bauschädlicher Salze Autor / Verfasser: Nicolai, Andreas
Heritage.etal 2009	[Heritage.etal:2009]Titel: Preventive conservation Autor / Verfasser: Heritage, Adrian; Sawdy-Heritage, Alison; Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen; Wendler, Eberhard
Siedel.etal 2008	[Siedel.etal:2008]Titel: Salt load and deterioration of sandstone at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia /Salzbelastung und Sandsteinschäden an den Tempelanlagen in Angkor Wat Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, Heiner; von Plehwe-Leisen, Esther; Leisen, Hans
Steiger 2009a	[Steiger:2009a]Titel: Modellierung von Phasengleichgewichten Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Steiger 2009	[Steiger:2009]Titel: Mechanismus der Schädigung durch Salzkristallisation Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, M.
Franzen.etal 2008	[Franzen.etal:2008]Titel: Water bath desalination of sandstone objects Autor / Verfasser: Franzen, Christoph; Hoferick, Frank; Laue, Steffen; Siedel, Heiner
Sawdy.etal 2008	[Sawdy.etal:2008]Titel: A review of salt transport in porous media, assessment methods and salt reduction treatments Autor / Verfasser: Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A.; Pel, L.
Roesch.etal 1993	[Roesch.etal:1993]Titel: Damage to Frescoes caused by sulphate-bearing salts: Where does the sulphur come from? Autor / Verfasser: Rösch, Heinrich; Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen
Auras 2008	[Auras:2008]Titel: Poultices and mortars for salt contaminated masonry and stone objects Autor / Verfasser: Auras, Michael
Mainusch 2001	[Mainusch:2001]Titel: Erstellung einer Materialsammlung zur qualitativen Bestimmung bauschädlicher Salze für Fachleute der Restaurierung Autor / Verfasser: Mainusch, Nils
Neumann.etal 1997	[Neumann.etal:1997]Titel: Decay patterns of weathered quarz sandstones: Evidence of gypsum induced structural changes Autor / Verfasser: Neumann, Hans-Hermann; Lork, A.; Steiger, Michael; Juling, Herbert
Steiger.etal 1994b	[Steiger.etal:1994b]Titel: Determination of wet and dry depostion of atmospheric pollutants on building stones by field exposure experiments Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael; Dannecker, Walter
Steiger 1996	[Steiger:1996]Titel: Distribution of salt mixtures in a sandstone monument: sources, transport and crystallization properties Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Steiger 2004	[Steiger:2004]Titel: Influence of salts on the freezing temperature of water: implications on frost damage to porous materials Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Steiger.etal 2009	[Steiger.etal:2009]Titel: Phase equilibria in mesoporous materials Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael; Linnow, Kirsten
Wittenburg.etal 1996	[Wittenburg.etal:1996]Titel: Terracotta at Schloß Schwerin, differnt desalination treatments for the application of stone consolidating agents Autor / Verfasser: Wittenburg, Christian; Wendler, Eberhard; Steiger, Michael
Lubelli 2006	[Lubelli:2006]Titel: Sodium chloride damage to porous building materials Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, Barbara Antoniette
Richardt 2002	[Richardt:2002]Titel: Kompressenentsalzung – Mechanismen der Salzbindung an mineralische Zusätze Autor / Verfasser: Richardt , Katharina
Lubelli.etal 2006	[Lubelli.etal:2006]Titel: Irreversible dilation of NaCl contaminated lime -cement mortar due to crystallization cycles Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.; Huinik, H.P.; Groot, C.J.W.P.
Schwarz 2007	[Schwarz:2007]Titel: Kaiserdom in Königslutter - Bericht zur Erprobung von Salz-reduzierenden Maßnahmen Autor / Verfasser: Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen
Raith.etal 2009	[Raith.etal:2009]Titel: Leitfaden zur Dünnschliffmikroskopie Autor / Verfasser: Raith, Michael M.; Raase, Peter
Bommel.etal 2004	[Bommel.etal:2004]Titel: A comparison of diffusion tube determinations of formic and acetic acid concentrations in air Autor / Verfasser: van Bommel, Maarten; Gibson, Lorraine; Watts, Simon; Kontozova, Velichka; Halsberghe, Lieve
Bourges.etal 2008	[Bourges.etal:2008]Titel: Comparison and optimization of five desalination systems on inner walls of Saint Philibert church in Dijon, France Autor / Verfasser: Bourgès, Anne; Vergès-Belmin, Veronique
Beyer.etal 2003	[Beyer.etal:2003]Titel: Seesalz in atmosphärischen Aerosolen und in Niederschlägen im norddeutschen Raum insbesondere in Schleswig-Holstein Autor / Verfasser: Beyer, Roland; Steiger, Michael
Steiger.etal 1996	[Steiger.etal:1996]Titel: Crystallization properties of salt mixtures: comparison of experimental results and model calculations Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, M.; Zeunert, A.
Petkovic.etal 2005	[Petkovic.etal:2005]Titel: Salt Transport and Crystallization in Plaster Layers: a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study Autor / Verfasser: Petković, J.; Pel, L.; Huinink, H.P.; Kopinga, K.; van Hees, R.P.J.
Laue 2005	[Laue:2005]Titel: Salt Weathering of Porous Structures Related to Climate Changes Autor / Verfasser: Laue, Steffen
Vogt.etal 2005	[Vogt.etal:2005]Titel: Untersuchungen zum Salztransport und zum kritischen Porenfüllungsgrad der Salzimmobilisierung in Bauwerkstoffen Autor / Verfasser: Vogt, R.; Kriegel, R.
Verges-Belmin.etal 2005	[Verges-Belmin.etal:2005]Titel: Desalination of masonries and monumental sculptures by poulticing: a review Autor / Verfasser: Vergès-Belmin, Veronique; Siedel, Heiner
Charola.etal 2005	[Charola.etal:2005]Titel: Salts in the Deterioration of Porous Materials:A Call for the Right Questions Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A. E.; Pühringer, J.
Blaeuer-Boehm 2005	[Blaeuer-Boehm:2005]Titel: Quantitative Salt Analysis in Conservation of Buildings Autor / Verfasser: Bläuer-Böhm, Christine
Steiger 2005c	[Steiger:2005c]Titel: Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Charola.etal 2001	[Charola.etal:2001]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies I: Introducing Salts into Ceramics Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A. Elena; Nunberg, Freedland, Sara; Joshua
Lubelli.etal 2007	[Lubelli.etal:2007]Titel: Salt Damage and RH Changes: The Case of the Waag Building in Amsterdam Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hee, R.P.J.
Kamh.etal 2008	[Kamh.etal:2008]Titel: Field and Laboratory Investigations to Examine the Damage Category of Monumental Sandstone in Arid Regions: Seti I Temple, Upper Egypt; a Case Study Autor / Verfasser: Kamh, G. M. E.; Azzam, R.
Poupeleer.etal 2003	[Poupeleer.etal:2003]Titel: Validation of the Salt Diffusion Coefficient in Porous Materials Autor / Verfasser: Poupeleer, A. S.; Carmeliet, J.; Roels, S.; Gemert, D. Van
Charola.etal 2001a	[Charola.etal:2001a]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies IV: Considerations on Desalination Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A.Elena; Freedland, Joshua; Centeno, S.A.
Freedland.etal 2001	[Freedland.etal:2001]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies III: An Experimental Study on Desalination Autor / Verfasser: Freedland, Joshua; Charola, A. Elena
Leitner 2005	[Leitner:2005]Titel: The Treatment of Wall Paintings affected by Salts: An Interdisciplinary Task as seen from a Conservator's Perspective Autor / Verfasser: Leitner, Hans
Lubelli.etal 2005	[Lubelli.etal:2005]Titel: Influence of Brick Properties on Salt Crystallization Damage Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.; Larbi, J.
CryspomII:2010	[CryspomII:2010]Titel: Workshop CRYSPOM II, Crystallisation in Porous Media Autor / Verfasser: Carmeliet , Jan; Espinoza-Marza, Rosa M. l; Shahidzadeh-Bonn, Noushine
Schwarz.etal 2009	[Schwarz.etal:2009]Titel: Salzschäden an Kulturgütern: Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite
Blaeuer.etal 2009	[Blaeuer.etal:2009]Titel: Attempt to use a microwave moisture mapping system (MOIST 200B) to control and monitor the water uptake of stones in the frame of cultural heritage conservation Autor / Verfasser: Bläuer, Chistine; Rousset, Bénédicte
Juling.etal 2006	[Juling.etal:2006]Titel: Verhalten von Salzen in porösen Systemen Autor / Verfasser: Juling, Herbert; Gülker, Gerd; El Jarad, Akram; Brüggerhoff , Stefan; Kirchner, Dirk; Linnow, Kirsten; Steiger, Michael
Bionda 2006	[Bionda:2006]Titel: Modelling indoor climate and salt behaviour in historical buildings: A case study, Diss. Nr. 16567 Autor / Verfasser: Bionda, Davide
Linnow 2007	[Linnow:2007]Titel: Salt damage in porous materials: An RH XRD investigation Autor / Verfasser: Linnow, Kirsten
Diekamp.etal 2008	[Diekamp.etal:2008]Titel: Dolomitic Lime Mortar - A commonly used Building Material for Medieval Buildings in Western Austria and Northern Italy Autor / Verfasser: Diekamp, Anja; Konzett, Jürgen; Wertl, Waltraut; Tessadri, Richard; Mirwald, Peter W.
Roerig-Dargaard 2008	[Roerig-Dargaard:2008]Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht.
Auras.etal 2009
DeClercq.etal:2011
Badosa.etal:2011
Borges.etal:2011
Bromblet.etal:2011
Larsen.etal:2011
Cervinka.etal:2011
Colas.etal:2011
Denecker.etal:2011
Derluyn.etal:2011
Desarnaud.etal:2011
Fujimaki.etal:2011
Gomez-Heras.etal:2011
Laue.etal:2011
Leal.etal:2011
Lubelli.etal:2011
McAllister.etal:2011
McCabe.etal:2011
Mosquera.etal:2011
Ottosen.etal:2011
Rörig-Dalgaard.etal:2011
Smith.etal:2011
Szemerey-Kiss.etal:2011
Török.etal:2011
Schwarz.etal:2011
Beck.etal:2011
Ali.etal:2011
Hendrickx.etal:2011
Laue:2017	@proceedings { Laue:2017, title = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Steffen Laue}, month = {september}, organization = {University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, key = {SWBSS 2017}, doi = {10.5165/HAWK-HHG/315}, fulltext = {File:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings.pdf}, author = {} }
Charola.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Charola.etal:2017, title = {Deicing Salts: An Overview}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {16-23}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/316}, author = {Charola, Elena; Rousset, Bénédicte; Bläuer, Christine} }
Abuku.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Abuku.etal:2017, title = {A preliminary study on dynamic measurement of salt crystallization and deliquescence on a porous material surface using optical microscope}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {42-48}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/319}, author = {Abuku, Masaru; Ogura, D.; Hokoi, S.} }
Auras:2017	@inproceedings {Auras:2017, title = {Traffic-induced salt deposition on facades}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {24-32}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/317}, author = {Auras, Michael} }
Benkhalifa.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Benkhalifa.etal:2017, title = {Tracing back the origins of sodium sulfate formation on limestone as a consequence of a cleaning campaign: the case study on Charité and Espérance sculptures of Chartres cathedral}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {219-228}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/339}, author = {Benkhalifa, Sara; Vergès-Belmin, Véronique; Rolland, Olivier; Leroux, Lise} }
Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017, title = {Granite and schist masonry desalination by poultices at Jacobine Church in Morlaix, France}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {229-239}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/340}, author = {Brunet-Imbault, Barbara; Reidiboym, Benjamin; Guinamard, Clément} }
Charalambous.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Charalambous.etal:2017, title = {Efficiency of laboratory produced water repellent treatments on limestone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {110-117}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/327}, author = {Charalambous, Cleopatra; Ioannou, Ioannis} }
Charola.etalA:2017	@inproceedings {CharolaA.etal:2017, title = {Salt crystallization tests: Focus on their objective}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {92-99}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/325}, author = {Charola, A. Elena; Rörig-Dalgaard, Inge; Chwast, Jacek; Elsen, Jan} }
Frankovic.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Frankovic.etal:2017, title = {Investigation of salts souces at the Karadjordje’s Gate on the Belgrade Fortress}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {252-260}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/342}, author = {Franković, Maja; Novaković, Nevenka; Erić, Suzana; Vulić, Predrag; Matović, Vesna} }
Franzen.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Franzen.etal:2017, title = {Moisture transport during poultice application}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {168-175}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/334}, author = {Franzen, Christoph; Aulitzky, Martin; Pfefferkorn, Stephan} }
Frick.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Frick.etal:2017, title = {Salt content of dust and its impact on the wall paintings of the church St. Georg at the UNESCO World Heritage site Monastic Island of Reichenau in Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {242-251}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/341}, author = {Frick, Jürgen; Reichert, Manuela; Garrecht, Harald} }
Godts.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Godts.etal:2017, title = {Salt extraction by poulticing in the archaeological site of Coudenberg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {200-207}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/337}, author = {Godts, Sebastiaan; Hayen, Roald; De Clercq, Hilde} }
Granneman.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Granneman.etal:2017, title = {Mitigating salt damage in lime-based mortars with mixed-in crystallization modifiers}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {100-107}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/326}, author = {Granneman, Sanne J. C.; Lubelli, Barbara; Rob P. J., van Hees} }
Graziani.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Graziani.etal:2017, title = {The application of hydroxyapatite-based treatments to salt-bearing porous limestones: A study on sodium sulphate-contaminated Lecce Stone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {176-186}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/335}, author = {Graziani, Gabriela; Sassoni, Enrico; Scherer, George W.; Franzoni, Elisa} }
Hassine.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Hassine.etal:2017, title = {Local strain measurements during water imbibition in tuffeau polluted by gypsum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {74-80}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/323}, author = {Hassine, Mohamed Ahmed; Beck, Kévin; Brunetaud, Xavier; Al-Mukhtar, Muzahim} }
Kiriyama.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Kiriyama.etal:2017, title = {Environmental control for mitigating salt deterioration by sodium sulfate on Motomachi Stone Buddha in Oita prefecture, Japan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {118-124}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/328}, author = {Kiriyama, Kyoko; Wakiya, Soichiro; Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Abuku, Masaru; Kohdzuma, Yohsei} }
Kyriakou.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Kyriakou.etal:2017, title = {Assessment of the durability of lime renders with Phase Change Material (PCM) additives against salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {81-89}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/324}, author = {Kyriakou, Loucas; Theodoridou, Magdalini; Ioannou, Ioannis} }
Laue.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Laue.etal:2017, title = {Investigation and conservation of salt damaged epitaphs in the church of Werben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {275-284}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/347}, author = {Laue, Steffen; Poerschke, Dörte; Hübner, Benjamin} }
Leonhardt.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Leonhardt.etal:2017, title = {Development of a network-based climate monitoring system for climate assessment and regulation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {297-301}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/349}, author = {Leonhardt, Christian; Leonhardt, Sabine; Heller, Julika} }
Maitschke.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Maitschke.etal:2017, title = {Desalination of Cotta type Elbe sandstone with adapted poultices: Optimization of poultice mixtures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {208-218}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/338}, author = {Maitschke, Julia; Siedel, Heiner} }
Marinkovic:2017	@inproceedings {Marinkovic:2017, title = {Technique for transportation of stone sculptures damaged by salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {271-274}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/346}, author = {Marinkovic, Vinka} }
Mertah.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Mertah.etal:2017, title = {Investigation and examination of a degraded Egyptian painted limestone relief from Tell Hebua (Sinai)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {261-270}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/344}, author = {Mertah, Eid; Othman, Moamen; Abdelrahman, Mohamed; Fatoh, Mohamed; Connor, S.} }
Mizutani.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Mizutani.etal:2017, title = {Measurement of salt solution uptake in fired clay brick and identification of solution diffusivity}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {65-73}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/322}, author = {Mizutani, Etsuko; Ogura, D.; Ishizaki, T.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J.} }
Ottosen.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Ottosen.etal:2017, title = {Electrode placement during electro-desalination of NaCl contaminated sandstone – simulating treatment of carved stones}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {150-157}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/332}, author = {Ottosen, Lisbeth M.; Andersson, Lovisa C. H.} }
Pasian.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Pasian.etal:2017, title = {How not to bother salts while grouting}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {158-167}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/333}, author = {Pasian, Chiara; Piqué, Francesca; Riminesi, Cristiano; Jornet, Albert} }
Pel.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Pel.etal:2017, title = {Wick action in cultural heritage}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {33-38}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/318}, author = {Pel, Leo; Pishkari, Raheleh} }
Riminesi.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Riminesi.etal:2017, title = {Diagnostics and monitoring of moisture and salt in porous materials by evanescent field dielectrometry}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {49-56}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/320}, author = {Riminesi, Cristiano; Olmi, R.} }
Sassoni.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Sassoni.etal:2017, title = {Conservation of marble artifacts by phosphate treatments: influence of gypsum contamination}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {143-149}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/331}, author = {Sassoni, Enrico; Graziani, Gabriela; Franzoni, Elisa; Scherer, George W.} }
Stahlbuhk.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Stahlbuhk.etal:2017, title = {Determination of the water uptake and drying behavior of masonry using a non-destructive method}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {57-64}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/321}, author = {Stahlbuhk, Amelie; Niermann, Michael; Steiger, Michael} }
Takatori.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Takatori.etal:2017, title = {Numerical analysis on salt damage suppression of the Buddha statue carved into the cliff by controlling the room temperature and humidity in the shelter}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {125-134}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/329}, author = {Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Wakiya, Soichiro; Abuku, Masaru; Kiriyama, Kyoko; Kohdzuma, Yoshei} }
Thickett.etal:2017
Wedekind.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Wedekind.etal:2017, title = {Evaluation of desalination and restoration methods applied in Petra (Jordan)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {190-199}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/336}, author = {Wedekind, Wanja; Fischer, Helge} }
Wong.etal:2017	@inproceedings {Wong.etal:2017, title = {Salt-induced flaking of wall paintings at the Mogao Grottoes, China}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {285-296}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/348}, author = {Wong, Lori; Bomin, Su; Xiaowe, Wang; Rava, Amarilli; Agnew, Neville} }
Lenz:2017	@inproceedings {Lenzz:2017, title = {Systemoptimierte Salzminderungskompressen (Material – Wirkung)}, booktitle = {Retrospektive und Perspektive : Methoden und Techniken in der Wandmalereirestaurierung}, year = {2017}, pages = {123-133}, organization = {Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege}, publisher = {Volk Verlag}, note = {fulltext}, author = {Lenz,Roland} }
AbuAlhassan:2018	@phdthesis {AbuAlhassan:2018, title = {The use of sodium ferrocyanide for the removal of salt from stone, exemplified for sandstones from Petra - Jordan}, school = {RWTH Aachen University}, year = {2018}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Aachen}, note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018}, url = {http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/729451}, doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2018-226422}, author = {Abu Alhassan, Yazan} }
Steiger:2005c	@article { Steiger:2005c, title = {Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation}, journal = {Restoration of Buildings and Monuments}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {419-432}, fulltext = {file:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 419-432 (2005)-Steiger.pdf}, author = {Steiger, Michael} }
Abuku.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Abuku.etal:2021, title = {PMSolver: development of a generic fem code for heat, moisture, and salt transfer and deformation in porous materials }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {187-189}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Abuku, M. and Ishii K.} }
Balksten.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Balksten.etal:2021, title = {Internal retrofitting with hemp-lime on brick masonry - A study to prevent damage caused by sodium sulphate }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {277-286}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In Sweden there are a great number of neo-gothic churches built in brick masonry around 1870-1910. They are constructed as massive masonry walls with façade bricks attached to a core of massive red bricks. In the majority of these churches there is a presence of sodium sulphate causing salt damages. The source of the salts is known to be the red masonry bricks and the damage occurs both internally and externally on the walls. Damages occurred already after a couple of years after the churches were built and ever since they caused expensive renovations with little or no durability. As the sodium sulphate crystallizes inside the plaster the damages cause spalling of the surface. Since 2016 a method to prevent or delay salt damages has been studied and evaluated. By adding a layer of insulation on the internal wall the microclimate on and nearby the plaster surface can be changed and the damages caused by crystallization decrease. When adding an insulating layer made by hemp-lime plaster before adding the lime plaster the salts cause less visible damage to the internal plaster. Full-scale test surfaces have been made both in the laboratory and inside two churches. After two and three years respectively, there are no visible salts causing damages inside the churches, where salts previously came back directly after each renovation. In the wall in the laboratory at Lund University the bricks where contaminated with sodium sulphate and internally rendered with hemp -lime plaster with a lime plaster surface finish. Even though there are lots of salt-related damages externally there are thus far, more than two years after construction, no signs of any damage internally.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Balksten, K. and Strandberg-de Bruijn, P. } }
Bartholdy.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Bartholdy.etal:2021, title = {Hydrogels as poultice material for desalination – a preliminary study}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {215-224}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the field of conservation, hydrogels have shown efficacy in extracting embedded soot and dirt from wall paintings and other materials. The gels’ inherent properties are also advantageous and may be exploited in relation to desalination of fragile surfaces. In this pilot study, the ability of six hydrogels to absorb and extract salts was tested (Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 5 , Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 6, Nanorestore Gel® HWR, Nanorestore Gel® MWR and gel of 2-3% AgarArt). In the first experiment, changes in the gels’ physical characteristics in terms of weight and texture upon contact with different solutions of NaCl were registered. In the second experiment, the gels were applied to specimens of clay brick contaminated with sodium chloride. Their ability to extract salts was subsequently tested by immersing gels in water, and then measuring the Cl- content using test strips.The experiments show that some hydrogels absorb salts to a degree that make them suitable as poultic e materials in desalination. Furthermore, the salt uptake takes place in minutes, which is extraordinary compared to traditional poultice materials. The experiments also show which hydrogels are unsuitable as poultice material.The results of this pilot study give credence to further studies on the physical/chemical properties of hydrogels determining their ability to extract salts.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Bartholdy, J. and Klenz Larsen, P. and Brajer, I.} }
Caroselli.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Caroselli.etal:2021, title = {How to live with soluble salts: the conservation of the 9th and 12th c. wall paintings at Riva san Vitale (CH)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {345-354}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The Baptistery of San Giovanni in Riva San Vitale (Switzerland) is an extraordinary example of early Christian architecture dating back to the 5th century. It contains some of the earliest wall paintings of the Canton Tessin, dating from the 9th to 15th century, often overlapping in a complex stratigraphy and surviving only in portions. Between 1953 and 1955 the building underwent an important architectural and painting restoration project. Since 2017 the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) is involved in the study and conservation of the wall paintings. Following preliminary research aimed to collect background information, a thorough condition assessment identified and mapped the different deterioration phenomena affecting the interior surfaces. The most challenging deterioration problem is related to the presence of soluble salts. The on-going diagnostic study includes the identification of the salts, their crystalline habits and the interior microclimate. This is necessary to plan an adequate intervention to stabilize the wall paintings. Salts efflorescence were analyzed with Polarized Light Microscopy and FT-IR ATR spectroscopy. Moisture distribution and hygroscopicity were assessed in various interior and exterior points through microcore sampling. The results showed that salt efflorescences are mainly composed of gypsum and epsomite and that moisture is present due to capillary rise and infiltrations. The presence of gypsum is due to materials used in previous interventions. The deterioration mechanism is on-going and during the first wall painting conservation campaign ( Fall of 2020)the decision was taken not to treat the areas actively affected by salts, but to monitor them over time in order to understand their behaviors and take an educated decision in the near future.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Caroselli, M. and Iazurlo, P. and Acquistapace, G. and Uccelli, M. and Guglielmetti, M. and Pidò, A. and Piqué, F. } }
Crevals.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Crevals.etal:2021, title = {Salt problems and climate control in the case of the church of Sint-Aldegondis in Mespelare, Belgium, an ECOS/RUNSALT approach}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {13-20}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the church of Sint-Aldegonis in Mespelare, Belgium, severe damage was observed on the plaster and brick masonry caused by the exposure to salts and moisture. Adding to the complexity, the church houses important murals from the 14th to the 18th century that are also affected. To assess the situation and provide advice, both moisture and salt contents were analysed. The actual and hygroscopic moisture contents were determined gravimetrically, and the quantification of the ions was carried out by ion chromatography. The results show extreme concentrations of moisture and salts, with salt contents, excluding gypsum, up to 17 wt.%, containing, besides sodium carbonate, mainly sodium chloride and sodium sulfate and in lower quantities also potassium chloride and potassium nitrate. The results show extreme concentrations of moisture and salts. The values of the ion mixtures were used to model the behaviour of the salts in changing climatic conditions with ECOS/RUNSALT. Furthermore, the theoretically determined crystalli sation behaviour of several salt solutions was further investigated within a micro-climate chamber at 95 %RH and Raman spectroscopy. At this RH gypsum and gorgeyite formed in the salt solution derived from the plaster. The results led to the conclusion that once rising damp is stopped and the RH is maintained below 60 %, the main phase transitions of the salt mixtures could be prevented, thus minimizing future salt damage to the masonry and murals. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Crevals, V. and Godts, S. and Desarnaud, J.} }
De Kock.etal:2021	@inproceedings { De Kock.etal:2021, title = {Implications of using meteorological records to assess the environmental risk of salt crystallization cycles in stone }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {31-39}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Salt crystallization and dissolution cycles can significantly contribute to the degradation of stone, brick and mortar.One year of meteorological observations is used to evaluate the environmental risk using a threshold approach for a NaCl single salt. We illustrate the effect of boundary conditions such as the averaging timeframe and the minimum RH on the determined number of salt phase transitions, which are informed by droplet experiments. Additionally, the mitigating effect of crystallization within a porous substrate is explored using heat-air-moisture simulations. The results provide a better understanding of regional and seasonal differences in the environmental risk of salt weathering. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {De Kock, T. and Orr, S.A. and Guilbert, D. and Godts, S. and Caluwaerts, S. and Cnudde, V. and Desarnaud, J. } }
Ergenç.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Ergenç.etal:2021, title = {A green salt mitigation technique for archaeological bricks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {263-272}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In historic masonry structures, rising damp is the main source of moisture and salt. Damage due to moisture and salts is augmented after archaeological research, where decay occurs before and after excavation. This study investigates the conservation of salt-damaged fired bricks dating back to the Roman period from the archaeological site Sagalassos through desalination with a sacrificial rendering mortar incorporating bamboo biochar as a novel additive. The brick samples were first freed from salt and then exposed to controlled sodium sulfate contamination. The sacrificial rendering mortar was applied to the salt-contaminated bricks. Half of the samples was left as-is, while the other half was placed in 1 cm water to mimic rising damp conditions. This procedure was repeated several times. After each application, the salt amount at different depths was measured in the bricks. The effect of biochar on the developed mortars and the desalination efficiency of the mortars were assessed, using Dino Lite digital microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRF, ion chromatography, XRD, and TGA-DTA. Preliminary results suggest that utilization of biochar incorporating sacrificial mortar is a promising ecologically friendly solution for salt mitigation.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ergenç, D. and Akgül, Ç. M. and Cizer, Ö.} }
Eslami.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Eslami.etal:2021, title = {Electro-osmosis and capillary suction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Dampness in masonries is a major problem in many buildings and monuments worldwide. Techniques based on electro-osmosis have been proposed as conservation methods to dehumidify masonry subjected to capillary suction. Although electroosmotic techniques have been applied for decades, the effect is still debated.This paper reports an experimental investigation on electro-osmosis in single bricks in a laboratory setup originally designed for electro -desalination. Two types of bricks were used. The samples had different lengths and different initial water content. A poultice composition was designed with neglectable electroosmotic effect and effective buffering of the acid produced from the electrode process at the anode. Four poultices with different concentrations of CaCO3 and kaolinite were examined, and the poultice consisting of calcium carbonate:kaolinite:water with the ratio of 40:10:50 (wt  %) fulfilled the requirement. It was seen that more the kaolinite in the mixture, more the electro-osmosis. A constant voltage of 75V was applied to the electrodes in each end of the setup. The zeta potential of the bricks was comparable to the zeta potential in kaolinite, and thus electro-osmosis in the bricks was expected. However, the water content reached saturation all through the brick specimens in every experiment, and there was no difference in water content in the two poultices. Thus, the capillary forces causing water suction into the bricks from the poultices were the strongest and overshadowed the possible electroosmotic effect. Therefore, this work shows that capillary forces need to be taken into account when designing setups for evaluation of electro-osmosis in materials with strong capillarity. The same is valid for in real applications, in case a continuous source of water is present.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Eslami, N. and Feijoo, J. and Paz -Garcia, J. and Franzoni, E. and Ottosen, L. M.} }
Franzoni.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Franzoni.etal:2021, title = {Development of hydroxyapatitechitosan-based treatments for the mitigation of salt damage in globigerina limestone }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {233-240}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Many soft limestones used in heritage buildings in the Mediterranean area are af fected by salt crystallization, leading to alveolization and dramatic stoneloss. To fight saltinduced deterioration of stone, different treatments were recently proposed, aimed at modifying the crystallization of salts during either the nucleation or growth of the crystals. In particular, strategies based on crystallization inhibitors and promoters were studied in the literature. In this paper, a new two-step treatment was applied to Globigerina limestone samples. The treatment consists in the application of an aqueous solution based on diammonium hydrogen phosphate, followed by the application of a chitosan solution. The first one produces aninorganic layer of calcium phosphate phases (mainly hydroxyapatite) and is aimed not only at consolidating the stone and preventing calcite dissolution, but also at providing a rough anchoring substrate for chitosan. The second layer is formed by chitosan, a biopolymer that was shown to have an inhibiting action on the crystallization of sodium sulphate. The two solutions were applied to the limestone samples both alone and combined, adopting different concentrations.The effects of the treatments were investigated in terms of phase formation, pore size distribution modification and change in the dynamic elastic modulus. Then, treated and untreated limestone samples were subjected to an accelerated crystallization procedure in laboratory, to evaluate the benefits deriving from the treatments. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Franzoni, E. and Sassoni, E. and Marrone, C.} }
Godts.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Godts.etal:2021, title = {Investigating the behavior of common salt mixtures in stone materials }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {49-51}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Godts, S. and Steiger, M. and De Kock, T. and Desarnaud, J. and Orr, S.A. and Cnudde, V. and De Clercq, H.} }
Gulotta.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Gulotta.etal:2021, title = {Comparative estimation of the pore filling of single salts in natural stone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {79-88}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Estimating the pore filling due to salt crystallization in stones is crucial to determine the potential susceptibility to damage. Considering that salts tend to follow the path of least resistance when crystallizing, the pore space needs to be filled for damage to occur. Only when such a condition is achieved, the growing crystals can exert enough pressure against the pore wall to initiate the damage. However, calculating the pore filling is a tedious task and often overlooked. This paper discusses the results of two methodological approaches to estimate the pore filling in Maastricht stone samples subjected to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate contamination. The investigation is part of an ongoing technical committee developing a laboratory test to assess the durability of porous materials to salt crystallization (RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC). The first method exploits an image analysis approach using scanning electron microscopyon polished crosssections. The second method follows a theoretical approach based on the salt content data determined by ion chromatography, the molar mass and volume of Na2SO4(thenardite) and NaCl, the dry bulk density and o pen porosity of the Maastricht limestone. The deviations observed in the results from the two methods are discussed with respect to the potential methodological issues. Some possible strategies to mitigate such discrepancies are proposed. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Gulotta, D. and Godts, S. and De Kock, T. and Steiger, M.} }
Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021, title = {Analysis of spalling in tuffeau: case study of the castles of Chambord and Chaumont-sur-Loire in France }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {327-335}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The main historic monuments of the Loire Valley in France are built with tuffeau. This very porous and soft siliceous limestone presents many technical and aesthetic advantages justifying its wide use. Among the most damaging degradations of tuffeau, spalling is the most destructive one. This study aimed at verifying the profiles of gypsum content observed in spalling of tuffeau at the castle of Chambord during a previous study. Here, samples from both the Castle of Chambord and from the Castle of Chaumont-sur-Loire were collected to provide more extensive and thus representative data for monuments made out of tuffeau in the Loire Valley. For all samples, in both castles, a systematic presence of gypsum was observed in areas subjected to spalling. The gypsum content is always very low at the surface and progressively increases (always around 1%) up to the depth of the zone where the crack is present, and then decreases along depth. No other salt was detected. This study also proved that preexistent cracking is not necessary for gypsum to crystallize. All these statements are totally in accordance with the previous study, hence allowing to confirm its representativeness. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Janvier-Badosa, S. and Beck, K. and Balawi, M. T. and Janvier, R. and Brunetaud, X. } }
Kamat.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Kamat.etal:2021, title = {Effect of alkali ferrocyanides on crystallisation of sodium chloride: preliminary results}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {109-118}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Sodium chloride (NaCl)is one of the ubiquitous soluble salts in the environment and is responsible for weathering of building materials. The salt weathering is attributed to the stress developed from crystallisation of these salts in pores of the building materials, with supersaturation as the driving force. In the last years, researchers have successfully mitigated the damage associated with the crystallisation of NaCl by the use of alkali -ferrocyanides (crystallisation inhibitors) in porous building materials. The observed mitigation of the damage has been attributed to lowering of the crystallisation pressure, possibly related to changes in the crystal habit and preferential crystallisation of the salt in the form of efflorescence instead of crypto-florescence. However, the effect of the inhibitor on the development of the so-called crystallisation pressure has not been studied in detail yet. In fact, direct measurement of this pressure is challenging and, until now, only a few experiments have been successful. In this research, an experimental set-up has been developed to directly measure the crystallisation forces of NaCl and the effect of fer- rocyanide on these, while visualizing the crystallization process under a microscope. Some preliminary tests using this set-up have been carried out: these consisted in monitoring force evolution from a drop of solution with and without the inhibitor confined between two glass plates.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kamat, A. and Lubelli, B. and Schlangen, E.} }
Kimura.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Kimura.etal:2021, title = {Fundamental study on desalination methods for brick chimneys part 1 desalination by ion diffusion }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {273-274}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kimura, A. and Abuku, M. and Fumoto, T. and Uno, T. and Iba, C.} }
Kyriakou.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Kyriakou.etal:2021, title = {Assessment of salt distribution in Maastricht and migné limestones with the use of micro-destructive techniques}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {153-162}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The durability of building materials against salt crystallization is currently assessed using standardized and other accelerated weathering laboratory tests. However, these test methods usually do not simulate the performance of a material in practice realistically. Therefore, they do not always shed enough light on the evaluation of the salt crystallization phenomenon and the prevention of its damaging results. This study focuses on the use of two micro-destructive cutting techniques, based on the measurement of scratching and drilling resistance, to assess salt distribution within Maastricht and Migné limestones, following the procedure developed within the framework of RILEM TC ASC-271 activities for the accumulation of salts. Data collected on freshly quarried reference samples and samples contaminated with NaCl and Na2SO4 are presented. The results, which are entirely in line with complementary μ-XRF measurements, vividly show changes in the microstructure of the salt-contaminated samples. These changes, which are reflected in increased cutting resistance peaks, are consistent in both the scratching and drilling resistance patterns, and they suggest that salts accumulate at or near the evaporation surface of the test specimens, resulting in pore clogging.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kyriakou, L. and Sanchez, A.M.A. and Nunes, C. and Ioannou, I.} }
Larsen:2021	@inproceedings { Larsen:2021, title = {Durabilitiy of traditional renders on a garden wall at Marienlyst Park, Elsinore}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {317-326}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The wall surrounding Marienlyst Park has suffered decay for many decades. A test program was conducted over five years to find the most durable solution for its maintenance. The performance of six different renders was evaluated by moisture measurements over the cross section of the wall. Only traditional mortars with lime or hydraulic lime binders were tested. Restoration mortars containing Portland cement and additives were not included. The 15th century brick wall is approximately 3 m high and has a 1.5 m backfill of soil. The water content of the wall was monitored with a dielectric probe at three levels above the ground. The average moisture content changed during the test period in accordance with the rainfall. There was an increase in wet seasons and decrease in dry seasons. The drying rate was rapid and almost independent of the type of render. The main source of moisture was the soil at the back side rather than driving rain at the front side. The decay related mainly to the thickness and the composition of the plaster. Two or three layers of hydraulic lime mortars were the most resistant to weathering, whereas a single layer of lime mortar was the least durable. It is difficult to predict the lifetime of the renders based on the performance in the first five years. Even the best rendering will likely require regular maintenance due to the moisture migration from the soil.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Larsen, P. K.} }
Laue.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Laue.etal:2021, title = {20 years long-term monitoring of the salt loaded crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {307-316}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne damages of stones and wall paintings are caused by cyclic crystallization and dissolution of the salts halite [NaCl] and nitratine [NaNO3] due to climate changes. Based on a research project between 1992 and 1996, the LVR-State Service for Historical Monuments, architects, scientists and restorers implemented certain measures and started a new monitoring concept in 2000 aiming to diminish the damages and salt concentrations in the crypt. The monitoring concept included the periodical collection of weathered stone debris coming off the walls, in addition to regular climate measuremen ts and salt analyses. Monitoring in combination with climate measurements are executed overa period of 20 years. Combining intervention in the room climate on the one hand and salt extractions on the other hand, turned out to be effective measures. Prerequisites for reaching this result are detailed insights into the interaction between building materials, moisture, salts, and environmental conditions. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of a constructive cooperation of departments, architects, scientists and restorers, resulting in a lasting conservation concept for an object highly contaminated by soluble salts.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Laue, S. and Schaab, C. and Drese, D. and Krauthäuser, D. and Helfmeier, D. and Vogt, J.} }
Le Dizès.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Le Dizès.etal:2021, title = {Two-steps treatments for the consolidation of carbonate stone artworks }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {225-232}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {An important part of our cultural heritage, such as artefacts, statues or historical monuments, is exposed to chemical and physical degradation over time. The degradation can lead to fractures and/or loss of cohesion among the individual particles forming the material components. It can also damage the painting layers: flaking of the surface layers, powdering etc. To protect weakened porous materials, filmforming substances, resins and polymeric materials are often used to consolidate weakened porous objects and structures. Although progress has been made in improving consolidation treatments for silicate stones, the treatments are much less effective when used on carbonate stones (such as marble or limestone) because of the chemical incompatibility between the grains and the common treatments. Here, we present a novel two-step treatment for consolidating weakened artworks made of porous limestone. Coupling agents are synthetized as a pre-treatment step to prepare the porous net work prior to the application of the consolidant. The latter can then be applied successfully without inducing crack formation during drying. The efficiency of the two-step treatment was studied at the microscale and linked to the macroscopic mechanical properties, such as the Young’s modulus and stress at break of the materials after treatment. Our results have advantages over other types of the treatments based on lime nanoparticles: the two-step treatment proposed here is easy to implement while being eco-friendly. In addition,it respects several other important criteria, such as the ability to restore the mechanical properties of damaged stones without changing their physical appearance and other properties, such as porosity or permeability. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Le Dizès, R. and Jaïs, D. and Shahidzadeh, N.} }
McSkimming.etal:2021	@inproceedings { McSkimming.etal:2021, title = {Salt crystallisation decay in historic stone masonry: from experimental to onsite assessment }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {183-185}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {McSkimming, E. R. and Vasconcelos, G. and Dionísio, A.} }
Mizutani.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Mizutani.etal:2021, title = {Evaluation of change in pore network structure caused by halite crystallisation }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {173-181}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Pore clogging by salt crystallisation significantly changes both vapour and liquid moisture transport. This study aimed to quantify salt crystal distribution in porous materials and the change in the pore network structure before and after salt crystallisation to evaluate the effects of pore clogging on the mass transport phenomena. Three-dimensional scanning by synchr otron X-ray computed tomography (SPring-8, Japan) was conducted to quantify the time change in salt crystal distribution during evaporation.Fired clay brick specimens saturated with a salt (NaCl) solution were dried under ambient conditions and scanned at specific time instants. The amount of the salt crystal determined by image analysis was consistent with the estimated values obtained by the weight measurement of vaporised water. Additionally, the pore size distribution, tortuosity and effective porosity and specific surface area before and after salt precipitation are calculated by the 3D medial axis(3DMA) processing with segmented images to investigate the change of saturated hydraulic conductivity and vapour diffusivity due to salt precipitation. Below a certain depth, the physical properties decreased linearly with increasing salt occupancy.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Mizutani, E. and Ogura, D. and Abuku, M. and Derluyn, H. } }
Nunes.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Nunes.etal:2021, title = {Towards a new salt crystallisation test: comparison of salt contamination procedures }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {69-77}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The RILEM TC 271-ASC is currently developing a new ageing test to assess the resistance of porous building materials to salt crystallisation. The new test consists of two phases: salt accumulation and damage propagation. This paper focuses on the salt accumulation phase; this phase should promote salt crystallisation close to the evaporative surface of the substrates (common situation onsite) without leading to salt efflorescence or damage. Damage should take place in the propagation phase, which is not add ressed in this paper. This work compares the effectiveness of three contamination procedures for salt accumulation: P1) salt contamination by capillary absorption of salt solution, followed by drying; P2) continuous capillary absorption of salt solution; P3) placement of salt crystals on the surface of the materials followed by the conditioning of the specimens at high relative humidity until complete dissolution of the salts. The results of P1 and P2 procedures presented in this paper are detailed in a sep arate publication, while this paper focuses on P3 procedure and compares the results. The effectiveness of each procedure has been evaluated by assessing the salt distribution in the specimen using ion chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. The r esults show that P3 is technically the least complicated to set up and does not entail the risk of development of salt efflorescence or damage. However, it can lead to salt migration within the specimens to a greater depth, hence future research is proposed to counteract this effect.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Nunes, C. and Godts, S. and Aguilar Sanchez, A.M. and Slížková, Z. and Lubelli, B.} }
Ottosen:2021	@inproceedings { Ottosen:2021, title = {Electromigration of K+ and NO3- natural stone and brick under application of constant voltage }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {251-261}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Transport of ions in an applied electric field (electromigration) can be used in conservation actions both for removal (electrodesalination) and supply (electroprecipitation) of ions out from or into the substrate. For the further development of these methods, increased understanding of the influence from side effects on the transport of the target ions is necessary. Electromigration has most often been investigated under application of a constant current. In this work, a constant voltage is applied, and it reports a direct comparison of electromigration of K+ and NO3- through substrates with different porosities. Prisms, one brick and four natural stones, were prepared and contaminated with NaCl in exactly the same way. Electromigration experiments were made under the same applied constant voltage. During the first hours, the current was very different between the experiments (from 2.3 to 72 mA), showing major difference in the electrical conductivity of the substrates - the higher the porosity, the higher the conductivity (and current). The current developed differently between the experiments. By the end of the 3 days experiments, the current was between 3.4 and 9.2 mA and independent of the substrate porosity. During the experiments, the electrode processes and the connected side effects influenced the electromigration of K+ and NO3- to different extents in the different substrates, and the most in the substrates with high porosity. The experiments underline that the electromigration of target ions depends strongly on the substrate when applying a constant voltage, because the substrate conductivity determines the current and thus the side effects. Applying a constant current instead, as in most of the previous works, enables better managing of the side effects.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ottosen, L. M.} }
Overhoff:2021	@inproceedings { Overhoff:2021, title = {The conservation of dutch architectural glazed ceramic tiles containing soluable salts: approaches in practice and dilemmas faced by the conservator }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {297-304}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Tin-glazed tiles for architectural purposes were produced in the Netherlands from the end of the 16th century. These tiles were extensively used in buildings in the Netherlands, but they are also found as far away as Brazil. Today tiles are considered important cultural heritage with a clear historical value, but often also an aesthetic or even an artistic value. They may be valued as individual tiles, but it is important to also consider their value within an ensemble. Tin-glazed tiles that are still in situ can be badly affected by crystallizing salts. Unfortunately, it is the most defining part of the tile, the glaze-layer, that is most vulnerable. The conservation of tin-glazed tiles affected by soluble salts often requires invasive treatments including removing the tiles fr om their location and desalinating them in water. Such treatment is not without risk for the tiles. In other situations, tiles might have to be replaced with replicas or similar contemporary tiles. In order to be able to justify any such treatment it is important for the conservator to acquire a better understanding of the causes of the salt crystallization. This requires research, performed by a researcher specialized in this field, and which should include investigations into the moisture sources and the amount and type of salt ions that are present. This information is often necessary in order to determine a conservation strategy that best preserves the value of the tile with as minimal intervention as required. For the preservation of tin-glazed tiles it is important that the value of research is better understood by both conservators and other stakeholders. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Overhoff, M. W.} }
Pater:2021	@inproceedings { Pater:2021, title = {Desalination, a heritage architect’s perspective }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {287-296}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Desalination can be a solution to conserve our monuments, but on what conditions? With two desalination projects in Amsterdam in the last 2 decades, we’ve worked alongside the researchers of TNO and TU Delft to find solutions to create the optimal conditions for large scale desalination in situ.In project ‘De Waag’, the mail goal was to conserve the Masterpieces of masonry from the 17th century, which were damaged by mostly NaCl2. For an in-situ treatment we have looked at methods suitable to use at large scale. This resulted in a mechanical application of the poultice by spraying. While the treatment to reduce the saturation of salt was successful, a post -treatment was needed in order to clean the masterpieces of the debris left by the clay (kaolin) in the poultice. With knowledge of the Waag, the tower of the Zuiderkerk (1614), offered a new challenge. In this case sodium sulphate was the dominant salt responsible for degradation of the masonry. Reducing sodium sulphate has more risks, and those risks can only be controlled while applying a poultice in warmer condition. The main goal was to find a solution to partly heathen the wall on those parts of the tower where salt load was too high. Trying several electrical heating systems, we’ve found the most ideal option. Both projects resulted in some practical and effective options, but also lessons learned by all the trails conducted. Main conclusion is that large scale in-situ desalination is possible, and methods to make it effective can be useful for other projects, but only after extensive research and monitoring.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Pater, R.} }
Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021	@inproceedings { Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021, title = {Potential salt damage assessment and prevention based on micro samples}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Assessment methods for potential salt damage on cultural heritage sites must fulfill what most often seems to be contradictory criteria: ensure a reliable diagnosis while using non-destructive measuring techniques. This work is a step down the road to over come this contradiction, by performing a reliable diagnosis for salt damage assessment using micro samples(5-25 mg). Possibilities and limitations of the use of micro samples for assessment and prevention of potential salt damage are examined, by comparing this method with well-known diagnosis methods.When using smaller samples, more precise measurement methods are needed. The present work documents that the in-build high accuracy balance in the DVS instrument enables the precise determination of hygroscopic moisture even when using micro samples. Even the smallest sample size of 5 mg was sufficient to obtain reliable hygroscopic moisture content results and to identify the presence of salts and determine the deliquescence point. Along with the determination of the deliques- cence point, the influence of the kinetics on the behavior of salt mixtures could be followed.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Röhrig-Dalgaard, I.} }
Salvi.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Salvi.etal:2021, title = {Experimental determination of salt content in artificial weathered samples of sedimentary stones}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {89-98}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Many well-known techniques allow determine the amount of salt present in a sample, but most of them require its destruction or the extraction of the salt from the sample. In this work, we tested some Non-Destructive-Techniques in order to correlate the amount of salt in a sample with its physical properties.Samples of four sedimentary rocks, commonly used as building stones, have been contaminated with two salts, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, and with a mixture of both. Some of the contaminated samples have been artificially weathered. Salt contamination and weathering methodologies are based on those proposed by the RILEM Technical Committee TC 271-ASC (see Lubelli et al. paper in this conference, [1], [2]). After salt precipitation, some of the samples have been measured, and others have experienced more weathering cycles before being measured. Studied stones are Maastricht and Migné limestones, already used in previous work, and Lutetien, Savonnières and Tuffeau limestones commonly used in French monuments of Paris area and Loire valley respectively. Porosities vary from 30 to almost 50%.Contamination and weathering procedures are presented in [1] and [2]. The goal is to obtain a non-uniform salt distribution into the specimen, similar to what is observed in real cases. In tested samples, P -wave velocity has been measured every 5 mm from the evaporation surface of the sample until 50 mm, which is the length of the sample. After that the sample has been split into two parts vertically. One half has been observed by different microscopical techniques, and from the other half, slices have been cut every 5mm. On these slices density and water vapour absorption have been determined by He-pycnometry and with a Multisample Dynamic Moisture Sorption (ProUmid GmbH & Co. KG). A good correlation exists between both parameters and the distance to the surface. We can conclude that these techniques show the highest amount of salt content close to the surface.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Salvi, A. and Menendez, B.} }
Stahlbuhk.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Stahlbuhk.etal:2021, title = {Barium nitrate as a result of the barium method and potential damage aspects }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {99-108}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Wall paintings represent one of the most fragile cultural treasures. Their finely porous and decorated surface is exposed to the environment and their support may be connected to ground or infiltration water, both making it susceptible to salts. While hygroscopic salts usually enter the pore network of objects via ground or infiltration water, the formation of gypsum, which is often present as a superficial crust, is the result of acidic deposition of SO2 from the environment. Even though air pollution has decreased in recent decades, many objects are still affected by these crusts, which represent a serious risk, especially for sensitive wall paintings. The“barium method” developed in the 1960s represented a huge progress in the conservation of wall paintings by successfully combining the removal of gypsum and the consolidation of the porous structure. However, pertinent literature describes the issue of hygroscopic, nitrate -containing pore solutions already present in the object that allow the formation of more soluble barium nitrate, if these nitrates were not effectively removed before the application of the method. Despite this warning, the actual damage potential of Ba(NO3)2 has not yet been investigated. This study focusses on damage aspects of barium nitrate and discusses results of damage tests and considerations of the damage related behavior of Ba(NO 3)2, also in hygroscopic salt mixtures. The results support the a ssumption that the salt poses a potential risk, which could be enhanced in mixtures with other salts. Thus, the study aims to increase the awareness of the risk of barium nitrate formation on wall paintings.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Stahlbuhk, A. and Steiger, M.} }
Takatori.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Takatori.etal:2021, title = {Measurement of sodium chloride solution permeability and sorptivity }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {163-171}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In desalination by poulticing, predicting the amount of desalination and salt concentration in the poultice and base material is important. The transport of a solution in a porous material is determined by its driving force and permeability, both of which may differ between pure water and salt solutions. In particular, for materials with surface charges, the electric double layer formed on the material surface may affect both the driving force and permeability of the salt solution.We aim to develop a prediction method to calculate the amount of water and salt transport in porous materials during desalination. As the first step of this study, to examine the saline water transport phenomenon in porous materials, we conducted the saline water permeability and absorption tests of NaCl aqueous solutions in tuff.The results showed that the saline water permeability coefficient in the tuff can be adequately estimated by considering saline water density and viscosity based on the Hagen–Poiseuille law, when the salt concentration is a bove 0.61 molal. Furthermore, this law does not apply to the relation ship between the permeability for pure and saline water; moreover, it may be necessary to consider the effect of the salt concentration dependence of the electric double layer structure.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Takatori, N. and Sakai, K. and Ogura, D. and Wakiya, S. and Abuku, M. } }
Tedeschi.etal:2021a	@inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021a, title = {Consideration on the influence of deterioration on deformation velocity in mortar and cement paste specimens subjected to external aggressive attacks }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {199-201}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Garavaglia, E.} }
Tedeschi.etal:2021b	@inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021b, title = {Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {359-360}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Di Benedetto, F. and Montegrossi and G. Coppola, M. } }
Thorn.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Thorn.etal:2021, title = {Micro-photogrammetry to monitor salt impact on petroglyphs}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {A project focusing on the potential industrial impact on a cluster of one million engraved boulders in a remote desert location, requires, among other metrics, the study of micro-spalling because of potential crypto-fluorescence, or surface depo-sition, both of which change the surface morphology at the micro-scale, including pre-spall swelling. Project outcomes include deploying technologies readily implemented in-field, ultimately by locally trained operators.This paper outlines the system, in cluding the operation of a portable fully automated triaxial scanning frame and the processing technologies deployed to produce a 3D photogrammetric model, and the further processing of that model to provide long-term indicators of change.All three axes are programmed to scan with a single button press, gathering up to 5,600 images over the target within 150 minutes. To acquire fully focused Z-axis images, a stack of 20 images is acquired at 1 mm vertical intervals. The other dimensions are set to image any given point 4-9 times, depending on the overlap. System screening identified a 36Mp DSLR fitted with a Zeiss 4x objective as the most effective imaging system, including being an existing piece of field equipment used for other studies, only requiring the addition of the objective and its mount.The Z- axis image stacks are processed through Helicon Focus to reduce the 5,600 images to 250 stacks, submitted to Agisoft Metashape for model construction. The model is interrogated using various measurement programs including CAD, Metashape and Cloud Compare to establish vital change metrics.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Thorn, A.J. and Collie, B.T.} }
Ugolotti.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Ugolotti.etal:2021, title = {Interaction between sodium chloride and ammonium phosphate on Carrara marble: two laboratory approaches }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {119-128}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The present paper aims at investigating the interaction between NaCl and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solutions,in view of field consolidation of NaCl-contaminated substrates by DAP. Two different approaches were tested on marble: part of the specimens was treated by a single solution containing both NaCl and DAP (“NaCl+DAP” samples) and part of the specimens was subjected to a two-step treatment, consisting in preliminary contamination by NaCl and subsequent consolidation by DAP (“NaCl then DAP” samples). For each approach, different NaCl and DAP concentrations were tested. The new phases, formed after treatment, were characterized by FT-IR and SEM and their consolidating effect was assessed by ultrasonic measurements, in terms of increase in dynamic elastic modulus (Ed). To investigate the influence of the NaCl contamination on the durability of the consolidating treatments, consolidated specimens were repeatedly immersed in water, the solubilized ions were analyzed by ion chromatography and the possible decrease in consolidating efficacy was assessed by Ed. The results of the study point out that, following either approach, new calcium phosphate (CaP) phases were formed, identified by FT-IR as hydroxyapatite and/or octacalcium phosphate. These new phases led to significant increases in Ed, which experienced some reduction when the consolidated specimens were immersed in water. Nonetheless, the residual Ed was sensibly higher than in the untreated condition, indicating that a significant mechanical benefit was maintained. The “NaCl then DAP” samples, which resemble the actual situation in the field, seem to provide more reliable results than those obtained following the alternative approach. In fact, the combined treatment (“NaCl+DAP”) led to lower increases in Ed and less pronounced formation of new CaP, possibly because the presence of sodium and chloride ions in the DAP solution significantly altered the mechanisms of CaP formation.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ugolotti, G. and Masi, G. and Sassoni, E.} }
Ugrina.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Ugrina.etal:2021, title = {Fourteen century limestone deterioration: desalination and restoration criteria }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {205-213}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {This paper describes conservation-restoration works carried out on the limestone dating 14th century, depicting St. Simeon and Elizabeth of Bosnia. Due to long-term exposure to environment in the museum yard and one inadequate restoration work in the 1950s, the stone showed a wide range of decay forms such as: delamination, exfoliation, disintegration, splintering, and powdering. The thickness and the shape of the damaged layers of the stone were variable. Laboratory research has shown a high concentration of soluble salts (chlorides, sulphates and nitrates, dominantly halite and gypsum), which caused accelerated decay of the limestone; therefore, the conservation-restoration process was focused on different desalination methods. Water baths were chosen for the desalination method, followed by barium hydroxide treatment. Before and after the desalination treatment, stone was consolidated by nano-lime. After the treatment, the stone relief was stabilized and ready for return to stabile museum environment.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ugrina, H. and Marinković, V. and Mudronja, D.} }
Uno.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Uno.etal:2021, title = {Environmental factors for salt weathering of modern Japanese brick chimney }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {41-48}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In this study, we investigated the factors affecting the salt weathering of a brick chimney in a historical building used as a Japanese s ake brewery.The mapping of the weathered areas, field measurements of the thermal environment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the airflow and temperature in the brick chimney flue were conducted. The salt observed on the chimney was determined to be sodium sulfate(Na2SO4). The exhaust gas of the boiler was the major source of water and sodium sulfate. The water vapour in the hot exhaust gas with salts would condense on the cold surface inside the chimney flue, resulting in salt solution penetration into the brick; subsequently, water evaporation at the outside surface would lead to salt crystallisation. Our field observation showed that salt crystallisation was concentrated at 1 m above the floor but did not occur above 2 m, at the level where an exhaust pipe of the boiler gas was connected to the brick chimney. According to the surface temperature measurement results, the temperature increase at non-weathered areas was larger than that at weathered areas. The CFD analysis showed that warmer air moved upwards above the exhaust duct, whereas colder air remained stagnant below the exhaust duct. This result suggested that both the airflow and the corresponding temperature distribution in the brick chimney flue influenced the spatial distribution pattern of salt weathering.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, fulltext = {File:Tomoko-etal 2021 1.pdf}, author = {Uno, T. and Abuku, M. and Iba, C.} }
Viles.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Viles.etal:2021, title = {Salt weathering hazards revisited}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {11-12}, publisher = {TU Delft Open }, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Viles, H.A. and Goudie, A.S.} }
Wijnhorst.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Wijnhorst.etal:2021, title = {Crystallization damage at the interfaces of artworks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {195-197}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Wijnhorst, R. and Chekai, T. and Miranda, S. de and Pel, L. and Derluyn, H. and Shahidzadeh, N. } }
Yano.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Yano.etal:2021, title = {Numerical simulation of sodium chloride crystallization in mosaic wall}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {191-193}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Yano, S. and Abuku, M. and Sasaki, J. and Ogura, D. } }
Larsen.etal:1999	@inproceedings { Larsen.etal:1999, title = {Desalination of a painted brick vault in Kirkerup Church}, booktitle = {Preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 29 August - 3 September}, year = {1999}, volume = {volume II}, pages = {473-477}, address = {Lyon, France}, publisher = {ICOM}, note = {Kinetics for NaCl movement by humidity alone are slow, and NaCl tends to move into mortar (from damaged bricks) when liquid water is present. A sudden disruption of a wall painting on a vault in Kirkerup Church was caused by the crystallisation of sodium chloride. An attempt was made to desalinate the surface and to extract some of the salt from the upper side of the vault. Various ways of applying moisture to the vault were tried. Both lime mortar and a specially designed salt-extraction mortar were tested as a sacrificial plaster. The main problem was that the salt redistributed within the vault because of the water supplied by the mortar. The main benefit of a thick mortar on top of the vault is to protect against moisture from above.}, key = {salt crystallization}, author = {Larsen, Poul K. and Bøllingtoft, Peter} }
Padfield:1998	@phdthesis { Padfield:1998, title = {The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating Changes of Relative Humidity}, school = {Technical University of Denmark}, year = {1998}, type = {PhD thesis}, note = {Academic Department: Department of Structural Engineering and Materials}, author = {Padfield, T.} }
Pique.etal:1992	@article { Pique.etal:1992, title = {Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation}, journal = {Studies in Conservation}, year = {1992}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {217-227}, note = {Soluble salts are among the main causes of deterioration in wall paintings and the study of their properties is of both theoretical and practical benefit. For the purposes of this paper calcium nitrate, a deliquescent salt commonly found in wall paintings, was selected to clarify the role played by very hygroscopic salts in wall painting deterioration. The most suitable methods for analysis of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate have been identified, the environmental conditions under which salt activity may occur checked and some physicochemical parameters suggested for controlling the environment in order to avert such activity. The kinetics of water sorption have been studied to identify the various factors which might affect the rate of deliquescence. The variables included the mass of the salt, the presence of other salts, and the kind of support on which the salt is deposited. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were found to be the most reliable and practical techniques to identify the salt. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was found to deliquesce easily and recrystallize under environmental conditions typically prevailing for wall paintings. of the variables studied, the support had significant effect on the water sorption kinetics and, most significantly for wall paintings, it was found the deliquescence would occur most rapidly in plaster. -- CAL}, author = {Piqué, F. and Dei, L. and Ferroni, E.} }
Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011	@article { Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011, title = {Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain)}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, year = {2011}, volume = {63}, number = {7}, pages = {1433--1445}, doi = {10.1007/s12665-010-0657-5}, author = {Kontozova-Deutsch, Velichka and Cardell, Carolina and Urosevic, Maja and Ruiz-Agudo,Encarnación and Deutsch, Felix and Van Grieken, René } }
Tedeschi.etal:2021	@inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021b, title = {Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {359-360}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf}, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Di Benedetto, F. and Montegrossi and G. Coppola, M. } }
Lubelli:2021	@inproceedings { Lubelli:2021, title = {A new accelerated laboratory test for the assessment of the durability of materials with respect to salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {55-67}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC was set up in 2016 with the aim of developing an improved procedure for the assessment of the durability of porous building materials, such as brick and natural stone, against salt crystallization, accelerating the deterioration process without significantly altering its mechanism.The test procedure developed by the TC 271-ASC proposes a new approach to saltcrystallization tests. It starts from the consideration that it is necessary to accumulate a certain amount of salt to activate the damage. Thus salt damage can be seen as a process developing in two phases: accumulation and propagation. Based on this approach, a new salt crystallization test procedure has been defined, consisting of two phases: a first phase, in which salts are introduced in the material and accumulate close to the evaporation surface, followed by a second phase, in which damage propagates because of repeated dissolution and crystallization cycles induced by re-wetting with liquid water and by relative humidity (RH) changes. In this paper the procedure is described and the reasons for the choices made are elucidated. The procedure has been tested on two types of limestone and, at the moment of writing, is being validated in a round robin test carried out on 9 different substrates and involving 11 laboratories. Based on the results of the round robin test, the procedure will be fine-tuned.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Lubelli, B. and RILEM TC 271-ASC members} }
Lubelli.etal:2021	@proceedings { Lubelli.etal:2021, title = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Japanese Brick Chimney}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Delft University of Technology Delft, the Netherlands 22-24 September 2021 ISBN 978-94-6366-439-4}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf} }
Siedel:2008	@incollection {Siedel:2008, title = {Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes}, booktitle = {Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, publisher = {Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark}, year = {2008}, editor = {Ottosen, L. M. and Rörig-Dalgaard, I. and Larsen, P. K. and Brajer, I. and Bøllingtoft, P. and Marciniak, M. and Svane, M.}, address = {}, pages = {79-88}, author = {Siedel, H.} }
Verges-Belmin.etal:2008
Weber.etal:1996	@incollection { Weber.etal:1996, title = {Crystallization of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study}, booktitle = {Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments}, publisher = {Tecnomack}, year = {1996}, editor = {Zezza, F.}, address = {Bari, Italy}, pages = {167-179}, author = {Weber, J. and Leitner, H. and Gaggl, W. and Szambelan, R.} }
Siegesmund.etal:2023	@article{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2, author = {Siegesmund, S. and Gross, C.J. and Dohrmann, R. and Marler, B. and Ufer, K. and Koch T.}, title = {Moisture expansion of tuff stones and sandstones}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {83}, number = {146}, year = {2023}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2}, URL = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2#citeas}, } }	DOI=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2	Link=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2#citeas	Bemerkungen = in: Environmental Earth Sciences, 83, 146
Godts.etal:2021a	@article{https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3, author = {Godts, S. and Orr, S.A. and Desarnaud, J. and Steiger, M. and Wilhelm, K. and De Clercq, H. and Cnudde, V. and De Kock, T.}, title = {NaCl-related weathering of stone: the importance of kinetics and salt mixtures in environmental risk assessment}, journal = {Heritage Science}, volume = {9}, number = {44}, year = {2021}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3}, URL = {https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3#citeas}, } }	DOI=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3	Link=https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00514-3#citeas	Bemerkungen = in: Heritage Science, 9, 44
Pescari.etal:2023	@article{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01838, author = {Pescari, S. and Budău, L. and Beatrice Vîlceanu, C.}, title = {Rehabilitation and restauration of the main façade of historical masonry building –Romanian National Opera Timisoara}, journal = {Case Studies in Construction Materials}, volume = {18}, number = {}, year = {2023}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2}, URL = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509523000177?via%3Dihub}, } }	DOI=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01838	Link=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509523000177?via%3Dihub	Bemerkungen = in: Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01838
Saidov:2012
Arnold.etal:1991	@article{article, author = {Arnold, A. and Zehnder, Konrad}, year = {1991}, month = {01}, pages = {103-136}, title = {Monitoring wall paintings affected by soluble salts}, journal = {The Conservation of Wall Paintings} }
BlaeuerBoehm:1990	@incollection { BlaeuerBoehm:1990, title = {Salze und Salzkrusten}, booktitle = {Wandmalerei-Schäden. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen}, publisher = { }, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, address = {Hannover}, pages = {110-114}, author = {Bläuer Böhm, C.} }
Steiger:2005	@article{STEIGER2005455, title = {Crystal growth in porous materials—I: The crystallization pressure of large crystals}, journal = {Journal of Crystal Growth}, volume = {282}, number = {3}, pages = {455-469}, year = {2005}, issn = {0022-0248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.007 }, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022024805005920}, author = {Michael Steiger}, keywords = {A1. Stresses, A1. Supersaturated solutions, B1. Salts, B1. Sodium chloride}, abstract = {A critical review of the existing literature on the pressure exerted by growing crystals in porous materials reveals that a number of different equations are in use. A derivation of an equation for the crystallization pressure based on the chemical potentials of the loaded and the unloaded faces of a growing crystal is provided. The equation obtained is compared to other equations available in the literature and the different approaches are discussed in detail. The treatment also includes the non-ideal behavior of the liquid phase using the ion interaction approach (Pitzer equations) which is well-established in solution thermodynamics. Incorporating the ion interaction equations in the crystallization pressure equation yields a quite simple expression that appears to be more convenient than previous treatments. The equation is applied to calculate crystallization pressures for supersaturated solutions of aqueous NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, and MgSO4 including the various hydrated forms of these salts. Depending on the nature of the salt, neglecting the non-ideal behavior may cause considerable error in crystallization pressure calculations. Finally, it is emphasized that the basic assumption of non-uniform pressure is fundamental to understand the dynamics of crystallization pressure evolving in porous materials.} }
Bourges.etal:2008
Franzen.etal:2008
Dreyfuss.etal:2018
Heritage.etal:2008
Verges-Belmin.etal:2005
Friese.etal:1999
Hammer:1996
Bionda:2004
Guelker.etal:2004
Steiger.etal:1998
Zehnder:2007
Zier:2002

Zitate

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Digital Object Identifier, ein permanenter Identifier, der z.B. auf eine digital vorliegende Literaturstelle weist.

Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen (vormals Fachhochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen)

Als Phase wird ein stofflicher Zustand bezeichnet, der in sich, makroskopisch betrachtet, homogen ist.

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, siehe hier

relative humidity /relative Luftfeuchte

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, Variante eines Rasterelektronenmikroskops, das ohne Hochvakuum arbeitet

X-ray diffraction = Röntgenbeugung

Ist ein physikalischer Prozess, der zu einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung von Teilchen und somit zur vollständigen Durchmischung zweier oder mehrerer Stoffe führt.

Differential-Thermoanalyse, eine Methode zur Charakterisierung von Materialien anhand von Reaktionswärmen

Thermogravimetrie

Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Osnabrück, siehe hier