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Hier finden Sie die Literaturhinweise, die auch als Volltext vorliegen.



Article BibteX-Citation Link
Siedel 2008 [Siedel:2008]Titel: Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes
Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, H.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Siedel-SWBSS-2008.pdf
Grassegger.etal 2009 [Grassegger.etal:2009]Titel: Salze und Salzschäden an Bauwerken
Autor / Verfasser: Gabriele Grassegger; Hans-Jürgen Schwarz
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Grassegger-Schwarz.pdf
Siedel 2009a [Siedel:2009a]Titel: Zur Herkunft von Salzen an Bauwerken
Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, Heiner
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Siedel.pdf
Brueggerhoff.etal 2009 [Brueggerhoff.etal:2009]Titel: Salze im Museum und in der Archäologie
Autor / Verfasser: Stefan Brüggerhoff; Gerhard Eggert; Stefan Simon
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Brueggerhoff-Simon-Eggert-klein.pdf
Juling.etal 2009 [Juling.etal:2009]Titel: Schadensdiagnose
Autor / Verfasser: Juling, Herbert; Franzen, Christoph
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Juling Franzen.pdf
Laue.etal 2009 [Laue.etal:2009]Titel: Monitoring
Autor / Verfasser: Laue, Steffen; Bläuer, Christine; Stadlbauer, Erwin
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Laue-etal.pdf
Nicolai 2009 [Nicolai:2009]Titel: Modellierung und Simulation von Transportprozessen und Phasenumwandlungen bauschädlicher Salze
Autor / Verfasser: Nicolai, Andreas
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Nicolai.pdf
Heritage.etal 2009 [Heritage.etal:2009]Titel: Preventive conservation
Autor / Verfasser: Heritage, Adrian; Sawdy-Heritage, Alison; Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen; Wendler, Eberhard
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Heritage Sawdy Schwarz Wendler.pdf
Siedel.etal 2008 [Siedel.etal:2008]Titel: Salt load and deterioration of sandstone at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia /Salzbelastung und Sandsteinschäden an den Tempelanlagen in Angkor Wat
Autor / Verfasser: Siedel, Heiner; von Plehwe-Leisen, Esther; Leisen, Hans
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Angkor 2008 Torun.pdf
Steiger 2009a [Steiger:2009a]Titel: Modellierung von Phasengleichgewichten
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Steiger Modellierung von Phasengleichgewichten.pdf
Steiger 2009 [Steiger:2009]Titel: Mechanismus der Schädigung durch Salzkristallisation
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, M.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Steiger Schadensmechanismen.pdf
Franzen.etal 2008 [Franzen.etal:2008]Titel: Water bath desalination of sandstone objects
Autor / Verfasser: Franzen, Christoph; Hoferick, Frank; Laue, Steffen; Siedel, Heiner
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Bath desal 2008 Torun.pdf
Sawdy.etal 2008 [Sawdy.etal:2008]Titel: A review of salt transport in porous media, assessment methods and salt reduction treatments
Autor / Verfasser: Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A.; Pel, L.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Heritage Pol SWBSS 2008.pdf
Roesch.etal 1993 [Roesch.etal:1993]Titel: Damage to Frescoes caused by sulphate-bearing salts: Where does the sulphur come from?
Autor / Verfasser: Rösch, Heinrich; Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen
Link zu Google Scholar 		URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1506367, Volltext: Datei:S1993rosch.pdf
Auras 2008 [Auras:2008]Titel: Poultices and mortars for salt contaminated masonry and stone objects
Autor / Verfasser: Auras, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Datei:Auras SWBSS 2008.pdf
Mainusch 2001 [Mainusch:2001]Titel: Erstellung einer Materialsammlung zur qualitativen Bestimmung bauschädlicher Salze für Fachleute der Restaurierung
Autor / Verfasser: Mainusch, Nils
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Diplomarbeit Nils Mainusch.pdf
Neumann.etal 1997 [Neumann.etal:1997]Titel: Decay patterns of weathered quarz sandstones: Evidence of gypsum induced structural changes
Autor / Verfasser: Neumann, Hans-Hermann; Lork, A.; Steiger, Michael; Juling, Herbert
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Neumann etal 1997.pdf
Steiger.etal 1994b [Steiger.etal:1994b]Titel: Determination of wet and dry depostion of atmospheric pollutants on building stones by field exposure experiments
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael; Dannecker, Walter
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Steiger 1994 Venice.pdf
Steiger 1996 [Steiger:1996]Titel: Distribution of salt mixtures in a sandstone monument: sources, transport and crystallization properties
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Steiger 1996 Bari.pdf
Steiger 2004 [Steiger:2004]Titel: Influence of salts on the freezing temperature of water: implications on frost damage to porous materials
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Steiger 2004 Stockholm.pdf
Steiger.etal 2009 [Steiger.etal:2009]Titel: Phase equilibria in mesoporous materials
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael; Linnow, Kirsten
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:SteigerDFG 2009b.pdf
Wittenburg.etal 1996 [Wittenburg.etal:1996]Titel: Terracotta at Schloß Schwerin, differnt desalination treatments for the application of stone consolidating agents
Autor / Verfasser: Wittenburg, Christian; Wendler, Eberhard; Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Wittenburg 1996 Berlin.pdf
Lubelli 2006 [Lubelli:2006]Titel: Sodium chloride damage to porous building materials
Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, Barbara Antoniette
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Diss-B lubelli 20060310.pdf
Richardt 2002 [Richardt:2002]Titel: Kompressenentsalzung – Mechanismen der Salzbindung an mineralische Zusätze
Autor / Verfasser: Richardt , Katharina
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Katharina Richard Diplom.pdf
Lubelli.etal 2006 [Lubelli.etal:2006]Titel: Irreversible dilation of NaCl contaminated lime -cement mortar due to crystallization cycles
Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.; Huinik, H.P.; Groot, C.J.W.P.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Lubelli 51.2006.1.2.pdf
Schwarz 2007 [Schwarz:2007]Titel: Kaiserdom in Königslutter - Bericht zur Erprobung von Salz-reduzierenden Maßnahmen
Autor / Verfasser: Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Bericht EntsalzungStiftskircheinKoenigslutter-1.pdf
Raith.etal 2009 [Raith.etal:2009]Titel: Leitfaden zur Dünnschliffmikroskopie
Autor / Verfasser: Raith, Michael M.; Raase, Peter
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Mikroskopie-Leitfaden-Bonn.pdf
Bommel.etal 2004 [Bommel.etal:2004]Titel: A comparison of diffusion tube determinations of formic and acetic acid concentrations in air
Autor / Verfasser: van Bommel, Maarten; Gibson, Lorraine; Watts, Simon; Kontozova, Velichka; Halsberghe, Lieve
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Bommel et al-2004.pdf, URL: http://iaq.dk/iap/iaq2004/bommel.pdf
Bourges.etal 2008 [Bourges.etal:2008]Titel: Comparison and optimization of five desalination systems on inner walls of Saint Philibert church in Dijon, France
Autor / Verfasser: Bourgès, Anne; Vergès-Belmin, Veronique
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Bourges Belmin Cop2008.pdf
Beyer.etal 2003 [Beyer.etal:2003]Titel: Seesalz in atmosphärischen Aerosolen und in Niederschlägen im norddeutschen Raum insbesondere in Schleswig-Holstein
Autor / Verfasser: Beyer, Roland; Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Seesalzdeposition IAAC.pdf
Steiger.etal 1996 [Steiger.etal:1996]Titel: Crystallization properties of salt mixtures: comparison of experimental results and model calculations
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, M.; Zeunert, A.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Steiger 1996 Berlin.pdf
Petkovic.etal 2005 [Petkovic.etal:2005]Titel: Salt Transport and Crystallization in Plaster Layers: a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study
Autor / Verfasser: Petković, J.; Pel, L.; Huinink, H.P.; Kopinga, K.; van Hees, R.P.J.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 2, 97-104 (2005).pdf
Laue 2005 [Laue:2005]Titel: Salt Weathering of Porous Structures Related to Climate Changes
Autor / Verfasser: Laue, Steffen
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext:Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 381-390 (2005)-Laue.pdf
Vogt.etal 2005 [Vogt.etal:2005]Titel: Untersuchungen zum Salztransport und zum kritischen Porenfüllungsgrad der Salzimmobilisierung in Bauwerkstoffen
Autor / Verfasser: Vogt, R.; Kriegel, R.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 3, 129-140 (2005).pdf
Verges-Belmin.etal 2005 [Verges-Belmin.etal:2005]Titel: Desalination of masonries and monumental sculptures by poulticing: a review
Autor / Verfasser: Vergès-Belmin, Veronique; Siedel, Heiner
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 391-408 (2005)-Verges-Belmin.pdf
Charola.etal 2005 [Charola.etal:2005]Titel: Salts in the Deterioration of Porous Materials:A Call for the Right Questions
Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A. E.; Pühringer, J.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 433-442 (2005)-Charola.pdf
Blaeuer-Boehm 2005 [Blaeuer-Boehm:2005]Titel: Quantitative Salt Analysis in Conservation of Buildings
Autor / Verfasser: Bläuer-Böhm, Christine
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 409-418 (2005)-Blauer-Boehm.pdf
Steiger 2005c [Steiger:2005c]Titel: Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation
Autor / Verfasser: Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 419-432 (2005)-Steiger.pdf
Charola.etal 2001 [Charola.etal:2001]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies I: Introducing Salts into Ceramics
Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A. Elena; Nunberg, Freedland, Sara; Joshua
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 7, No. 2, 117-130 (2001).pdf
Lubelli.etal 2007 [Lubelli.etal:2007]Titel: Salt Damage and RH Changes: The Case of the Waag Building in Amsterdam
Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hee, R.P.J.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 13, No. 4, 241-250 (2007).pdf
Kamh.etal 2008 [Kamh.etal:2008]Titel: Field and Laboratory Investigations to Examine the Damage Category of Monumental Sandstone in Arid Regions: Seti I Temple, Upper Egypt; a Case Study
Autor / Verfasser: Kamh, G. M. E.; Azzam, R.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 14, No. 3, 179-196 (2008).pdf
Poupeleer.etal 2003 [Poupeleer.etal:2003]Titel: Validation of the Salt Diffusion Coefficient in Porous Materials
Autor / Verfasser: Poupeleer, A. S.; Carmeliet, J.; Roels, S.; Gemert, D. Van
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 9, No. 6, 663-682 (2003).pdf
Charola.etal 2001a [Charola.etal:2001a]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies IV: Considerations on Desalination
Autor / Verfasser: Charola, A.Elena; Freedland, Joshua; Centeno, S.A.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 7, No. 2, 161-174 (2001).pdf
Freedland.etal 2001 [Freedland.etal:2001]Titel: Salts in Ceramic Bodies III: An Experimental Study on Desalination
Autor / Verfasser: Freedland, Joshua; Charola, A. Elena
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 7, No. 2, 147-160 (2001).pdf
Leitner 2005 [Leitner:2005]Titel: The Treatment of Wall Paintings affected by Salts: An Interdisciplinary Task as seen from a Conservator's Perspective
Autor / Verfasser: Leitner, Hans
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 365-380 (2005)-Leitner.pdf
Lubelli.etal 2005 [Lubelli.etal:2005]Titel: Influence of Brick Properties on Salt Crystallization Damage
Autor / Verfasser: Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.; Larbi, J.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 2, 87-96 (2005).pdf
CryspomII:2010 [CryspomII:2010]Titel: Workshop CRYSPOM II, Crystallisation in Porous Media
Autor / Verfasser: Carmeliet , Jan; Espinoza-Marza, Rosa M. l; Shahidzadeh-Bonn, Noushine
Link zu Google Scholar 		Datei:Cryspom II Abstracts.pdf
Schwarz.etal 2009 [Schwarz.etal:2009]Titel: Salzschäden an Kulturgütern: Stand des Wissens und Forschungsdefizite
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:DBU-Workshop-Salz-2008.pdf
Blaeuer.etal 2009 [Blaeuer.etal:2009]Titel: Attempt to use a microwave moisture mapping system (MOIST 200B) to control and monitor the water uptake of stones in the frame of cultural heritage conservation
Autor / Verfasser: Bläuer, Chistine; Rousset, Bénédicte
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:BlaeuerRoussetAmpere2009 pagine.pdf
Juling.etal 2006 [Juling.etal:2006]Titel: Verhalten von Salzen in porösen Systemen
Autor / Verfasser: Juling, Herbert; Gülker, Gerd; El Jarad, Akram; Brüggerhoff , Stefan; Kirchner, Dirk; Linnow, Kirsten; Steiger, Michael
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Salze im Porenraum.pdf
Bionda 2006 [Bionda:2006]Titel: Modelling indoor climate and salt behaviour in historical buildings: A case study, Diss. Nr. 16567
Autor / Verfasser: Bionda, Davide
Link zu Google Scholar 		URL: http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:28701
Linnow 2007 [Linnow:2007]Titel: Salt damage in porous materials: An RH XRD investigation
Autor / Verfasser: Linnow, Kirsten
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: http://www.chemie.uni-hamburg.de/bibliothek/2007/DissertationLinnow.pdf
Diekamp.etal 2008 [Diekamp.etal:2008]Titel: Dolomitic Lime Mortar - A commonly used Building Material for Medieval Buildings in Western Austria and Northern Italy
Autor / Verfasser: Diekamp, Anja; Konzett, Jürgen; Wertl, Waltraut; Tessadri, Richard; Mirwald, Peter W.
Link zu Google Scholar 		Volltext: Datei:Diekamp2008b Torun.pdf
Roerig-Dargaard 2008 [Roerig-Dargaard:2008]Der Eintrag existiert noch nicht. Volltext: Datei:Roerig-Dargaard Thesis.pdf
Auras.etal 2009
DeClercq.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-De Clercq etal.pdf
Badosa.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Badosa etal.pdf
Borges.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Borges etal.pdf
Bromblet.etal:2011 Volltext: [1]
Larsen.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Larsen etal.pdf
Cervinka.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Cervinka etal.pdf
Colas.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Colas etal.pdf
Denecker.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Denecker etal.pdf
Derluyn.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Derluyn etal.pdf
Desarnaud.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Desarnaud etal..pdf
Fujimaki.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Fujimaki etal.pdf
Gomez-Heras.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Gomez-Heras etal.pdf
Laue.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Laue etal.pdf
Leal.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Leal etal.pdf
Lubelli.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Lubelli etal.pdf
McAllister.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-McAllister etal.pdf
McCabe.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-McCabe etal.pdf
Mosquera.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Mosquera etal.pdf
Ottosen.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Ottosen etal.pdf
Rörig-Dalgaard.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Rörig-Dalgaard etal.pdf
Smith.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Smith etal.pdf
Szemerey-Kiss.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Szemerey-Kiss etal.pdf
Török.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Török etal.pdf
Schwarz.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Schwarz etal.pdf
Beck.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011 Beck etal.pdf
Ali.etal:2011 Datei:SWBSS2011 Ali etal.pdf
Hendrickx.etal:2011 Volltext: Datei:SWBSS2011-Hendrickx etal.pdf
Laue:2017 @proceedings { Laue:2017,

title = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Steffen Laue}, month = {september}, organization = {University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, key = {SWBSS 2017}, doi = {10.5165/HAWK-HHG/315}, fulltext = {File:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings.pdf}, author = {} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings.pdf
Charola.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Charola.etal:2017,

title = {Deicing Salts: An Overview}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {16-23}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/316}, author = {Charola, Elena; Rousset, Bénédicte; Bläuer, Christine} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 16-23 Charola Rousset Blaeuer.pdf
Abuku.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Abuku.etal:2017,

title = {A preliminary study on dynamic measurement of salt crystallization and deliquescence on a porous material surface using optical microscope}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {42-48}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/319}, author = {Abuku, Masaru; Ogura, D.; Hokoi, S.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 42-48 Abuku Ogura Hokoi.pdf
Auras:2017 @inproceedings {Auras:2017,

title = {Traffic-induced salt deposition on facades}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {24-32}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/317}, author = {Auras, Michael} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 24-32 Auras.pdf
Benkhalifa.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Benkhalifa.etal:2017,

title = {Tracing back the origins of sodium sulfate formation on limestone as a consequence of a cleaning campaign: the case study on Charité and Espérance sculptures of Chartres cathedral}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {219-228}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/339}, author = {Benkhalifa, Sara; Vergès-Belmin, Véronique; Rolland, Olivier; Leroux, Lise} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 219-228 Benkhalifa Verges-Belmin Rolland Leroux.pdf
Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Brunet-Imbault.etal:2017,

title = {Granite and schist masonry desalination by poultices at Jacobine Church in Morlaix, France}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {229-239}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/340}, author = {Brunet-Imbault, Barbara; Reidiboym, Benjamin; Guinamard, Clément} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 229-239 Brunet-Imbault Reidiboym Guinamard.pdf
Charalambous.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Charalambous.etal:2017,

title = {Efficiency of laboratory produced water repellent treatments on limestone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {110-117}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/327}, author = {Charalambous, Cleopatra; Ioannou, Ioannis} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 110-117 Charalambous Ioannou.pdf
Charola.etalA:2017 @inproceedings {CharolaA.etal:2017,

title = {Salt crystallization tests: Focus on their objective}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {92-99}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/325}, author = {Charola, A. Elena; Rörig-Dalgaard, Inge; Chwast, Jacek; Elsen, Jan} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 92-99 Charola Roerig-Dalgaard Chwast Elsen.pdf
Frankovic.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Frankovic.etal:2017,

title = {Investigation of salts souces at the Karadjordje’s Gate on the Belgrade Fortress}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {252-260}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/342}, author = {Franković, Maja; Novaković, Nevenka; Erić, Suzana; Vulić, Predrag; Matović, Vesna} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 252-260 Frankovic Novakovic Eric Vulic Matovic.pdf
Franzen.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Franzen.etal:2017,

title = {Moisture transport during poultice application}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {168-175}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/334}, author = {Franzen, Christoph; Aulitzky, Martin; Pfefferkorn, Stephan} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 168-175 Franzen Aulitzky Pfefferkorn.pdf
Frick.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Frick.etal:2017,

title = {Salt content of dust and its impact on the wall paintings of the church St. Georg at the UNESCO World Heritage site Monastic Island of Reichenau in Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {242-251}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/341}, author = {Frick, Jürgen; Reichert, Manuela; Garrecht, Harald} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 242-251 Frick Reichert Garrecht.pdf
Godts.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Godts.etal:2017,

title = {Salt extraction by poulticing in the archaeological site of Coudenberg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {200-207}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/337}, author = {Godts, Sebastiaan; Hayen, Roald; De Clercq, Hilde} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 200-207 Godts Hayen DeClercq.pdf
Granneman.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Granneman.etal:2017,

title = {Mitigating salt damage in lime-based mortars with mixed-in crystallization modifiers}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {100-107}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/326}, author = {Granneman, Sanne J. C.; Lubelli, Barbara; Rob P. J., van Hees} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 100-107 Granneman Lubelli vanHees.pdf
Graziani.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Graziani.etal:2017,

title = {The application of hydroxyapatite-based treatments to salt-bearing porous limestones: A study on sodium sulphate-contaminated Lecce Stone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {176-186}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/335}, author = {Graziani, Gabriela; Sassoni, Enrico; Scherer, George W.; Franzoni, Elisa} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 176-186 Graziani Sassoni Scherer Franzoni.pdf
Hassine.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Hassine.etal:2017,

title = {Local strain measurements during water imbibition in tuffeau polluted by gypsum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {74-80}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/323}, author = {Hassine, Mohamed Ahmed; Beck, Kévin; Brunetaud, Xavier; Al-Mukhtar, Muzahim} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 74-80 Hassine Beck Brunetaud Al-Mukhtar.pdf
Kiriyama.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Kiriyama.etal:2017,

title = {Environmental control for mitigating salt deterioration by sodium sulfate on Motomachi Stone Buddha in Oita prefecture, Japan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {118-124}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/328}, author = {Kiriyama, Kyoko; Wakiya, Soichiro; Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Abuku, Masaru; Kohdzuma, Yohsei} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 118-124 Kiriyama Wakiya Takatori Ogura Abuku Kohdzuma.pdf
Kyriakou.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Kyriakou.etal:2017,

title = {Assessment of the durability of lime renders with Phase Change Material (PCM) additives against salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {81-89}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/324}, author = {Kyriakou, Loucas; Theodoridou, Magdalini; Ioannou, Ioannis} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 81-89 Kyriakou Theodoridou Ioannou.pdf
Laue.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Laue.etal:2017,

title = {Investigation and conservation of salt damaged epitaphs in the church of Werben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {275-284}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/347}, author = {Laue, Steffen; Poerschke, Dörte; Hübner, Benjamin} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 275-284 Laue Poerschke Huebner.pdf
Leonhardt.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Leonhardt.etal:2017,

title = {Development of a network-based climate monitoring system for climate assessment and regulation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {297-301}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/349}, author = {Leonhardt, Christian; Leonhardt, Sabine; Heller, Julika} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 297-301 Leonhardt Leonhardt Heller.pdf
Maitschke.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Maitschke.etal:2017,

title = {Desalination of Cotta type Elbe sandstone with adapted poultices: Optimization of poultice mixtures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {208-218}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/338}, author = {Maitschke, Julia; Siedel, Heiner} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 208-218 Maitschke Siedel.pdf
Marinkovic:2017 @inproceedings {Marinkovic:2017,

title = {Technique for transportation of stone sculptures damaged by salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {271-274}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/346}, author = {Marinkovic, Vinka} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 271-274 Marinkovic.pdf
Mertah.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Mertah.etal:2017,

title = {Investigation and examination of a degraded Egyptian painted limestone relief from Tell Hebua (Sinai)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {261-270}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/344}, author = {Mertah, Eid; Othman, Moamen; Abdelrahman, Mohamed; Fatoh, Mohamed; Connor, S.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 261-270 Mertah Othman Abdelrahman Fatoh Connor.pdf
Mizutani.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Mizutani.etal:2017,

title = {Measurement of salt solution uptake in fired clay brick and identification of solution diffusivity}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {65-73}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/322}, author = {Mizutani, Etsuko; Ogura, D.; Ishizaki, T.; Abuku, M.; Sasaki, J.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 65-73 Mizutani Ogura Ishizaki Abuku Sasaki.pdf
Ottosen.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Ottosen.etal:2017,

title = {Electrode placement during electro-desalination of NaCl contaminated sandstone – simulating treatment of carved stones}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {150-157}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/332}, author = {Ottosen, Lisbeth M.; Andersson, Lovisa C. H.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 150-157 Ottosen Andersson.pdf
Pasian.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Pasian.etal:2017,

title = {How not to bother salts while grouting}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {158-167}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/333}, author = {Pasian, Chiara; Piqué, Francesca; Riminesi, Cristiano; Jornet, Albert} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 158-167 Pasian Pique Riminesi Jornet.pdf
Pel.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Pel.etal:2017,

title = {Wick action in cultural heritage}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {33-38}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/318}, author = {Pel, Leo; Pishkari, Raheleh} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 33-38 Pel Pishkariie.pdf
Riminesi.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Riminesi.etal:2017,

title = {Diagnostics and monitoring of moisture and salt in porous materials by evanescent field dielectrometry}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {49-56}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/320}, author = {Riminesi, Cristiano; Olmi, R.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 49-56 Riminesi Olmi.pdf
Sassoni.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Sassoni.etal:2017,

title = {Conservation of marble artifacts by phosphate treatments: influence of gypsum contamination}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {143-149}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/331}, author = {Sassoni, Enrico; Graziani, Gabriela; Franzoni, Elisa; Scherer, George W.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 143-149 Sassoni Graziani Franzoni George Scherer.pdf
Stahlbuhk.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Stahlbuhk.etal:2017,

title = {Determination of the water uptake and drying behavior of masonry using a non-destructive method}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {57-64}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/321}, author = {Stahlbuhk, Amelie; Niermann, Michael; Steiger, Michael} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 57-64 Stahlbuhk Niermann Steiger.pdf
Takatori.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Takatori.etal:2017,

title = {Numerical analysis on salt damage suppression of the Buddha statue carved into the cliff by controlling the room temperature and humidity in the shelter}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {125-134}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/329}, author = {Takatori, Nobumitsu; Ogura, Daisuke; Wakiya, Soichiro; Abuku, Masaru; Kiriyama, Kyoko; Kohdzuma, Yoshei} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 125-134 Takatori Ogura Wakiya Abuku Kiriyama Kohdzuma.pdf
Thickett.etal:2017
Wedekind.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Wedekind.etal:2017,

title = {Evaluation of desalination and restoration methods applied in Petra (Jordan)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {190-199}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/336}, author = {Wedekind, Wanja; Fischer, Helge} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 190-199 Wedekind Fischer.pdf
Wong.etal:2017 @inproceedings {Wong.etal:2017,

title = {Salt-induced flaking of wall paintings at the Mogao Grottoes, China}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2017. Fourth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, Germany, 20-22 September 2017}, year = {2017}, editor = {Laue, Steffen}, pages = {285-296}, month = {september}, organization = {Fachhochschule Potsdam}, publisher = {Verlag der Fachhochschule Potsdam}, note = {fulltext, conference paper}, key = {SWBSS2017}, doi = {10.5165/hawk-hhg/348}, author = {Wong, Lori; Bomin, Su; Xiaowe, Wang; Rava, Amarilli; Agnew, Neville} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 285-296 Wong Bomin Xiaowei Rava Agnew.pdf
Lenz:2017 @inproceedings {Lenzz:2017,

title = {Systemoptimierte Salzminderungskompressen (Material – Wirkung)}, booktitle = {Retrospektive und Perspektive : Methoden und Techniken in der Wandmalereirestaurierung}, year = {2017}, pages = {123-133}, organization = {Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege}, publisher = {Volk Verlag}, note = {fulltext}, author = {Lenz,Roland} }

Datei:SR 17 PerspektiveRetrospektive Wand Lenz S123-133.pdf
AbuAlhassan:2018 @phdthesis {AbuAlhassan:2018,

title = {The use of sodium ferrocyanide for the removal of salt from stone, exemplified for sandstones from Petra - Jordan}, school = {RWTH Aachen University}, year = {2018}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Aachen}, note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018}, url = {http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/729451}, doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2018-226422}, author = {Abu Alhassan, Yazan} }

Datei:Phdthesis AbuAlhassan 2018 UniAachen-729451.pdf
Steiger:2005c @article { Steiger:2005c,

title = {Salts in Porous Materials: Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions, Modeling and Preventive Conservation}, journal = {Restoration of Buildings and Monuments}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {419-432}, fulltext = {file:RBM, Vol. 11, No. 6, 419-432 (2005)-Steiger.pdf}, author = {Steiger, Michael} }

-
Abuku.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Abuku.etal:2021,

title = {PMSolver: development of a generic fem code for heat, moisture, and salt transfer and deformation in porous materials }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {187-189}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Abuku, M. and Ishii K.} }

https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/images/1/10/SWBSS-2021_Abuku_etal.pdf

https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:SWBSS-2021_Abuku_etal.pdf

Balksten.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Balksten.etal:2021,

title = {Internal retrofitting with hemp-lime on brick masonry - A study to prevent damage caused by sodium sulphate }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {277-286}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In Sweden there are a great number of neo-gothic churches built in brick masonry around 1870-1910. They are constructed as massive masonry walls with façade bricks attached to a core of massive red bricks. In the majority of these churches there is a presence of sodium sulphate causing salt damages. The source of the salts is known to be the red masonry bricks and the damage occurs both internally and externally on the walls. Damages occurred already after a couple of years after the churches were built and ever since they caused expensive renovations with little or no durability. As the sodium sulphate crystallizes inside the plaster the damages cause spalling of the surface. Since 2016 a method to prevent or delay salt damages has been studied and evaluated. By adding a layer of insulation on the internal wall the microclimate on and nearby the plaster surface can be changed and the damages caused by crystallization decrease. When adding an insulating layer made by hemp-lime plaster before adding the lime plaster the salts cause less visible damage to the internal plaster. Full-scale test surfaces have been made both in the laboratory and inside two churches. After two and three years respectively, there are no visible salts causing damages inside the churches, where salts previously came back directly after each renovation. In the wall in the laboratory at Lund University the bricks where contaminated with sodium sulphate and internally rendered with hemp -lime plaster with a lime plaster surface finish. Even though there are lots of salt-related damages externally there are thus far, more than two years after construction, no signs of any damage internally.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Balksten, K. and Strandberg-de Bruijn, P. } }

Bartholdy.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Bartholdy.etal:2021,

title = {Hydrogels as poultice material for desalination – a preliminary study}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {215-224}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the field of conservation, hydrogels have shown efficacy in extracting embedded soot and dirt from wall paintings and other materials. The gels’ inherent properties are also advantageous and may be exploited in relation to desalination of fragile surfaces. In this pilot study, the ability of six hydrogels to absorb and extract salts was tested (Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 5 , Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 6, Nanorestore Gel® HWR, Nanorestore Gel® MWR and gel of 2-3% AgarArt). In the first experiment, changes in the gels’ physical characteristics in terms of weight and texture upon contact with different solutions of NaCl were registered. In the second experiment, the gels were applied to specimens of clay brick contaminated with sodium chloride. Their ability to extract salts was subsequently tested by immersing gels in water, and then measuring the Cl- content using test strips.The experiments show that some hydrogels absorb salts to a degree that make them suitable as poultic e materials in desalination. Furthermore, the salt uptake takes place in minutes, which is extraordinary compared to traditional poultice materials. The experiments also show which hydrogels are unsuitable as poultice material.The results of this pilot study give credence to further studies on the physical/chemical properties of hydrogels determining their ability to extract salts.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Bartholdy, J. and Klenz Larsen, P. and Brajer, I.} }

Caroselli.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Caroselli.etal:2021,

title = {How to live with soluble salts: the conservation of the 9th and 12th c. wall paintings at Riva san Vitale (CH)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {345-354}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The Baptistery of San Giovanni in Riva San Vitale (Switzerland) is an extraordinary example of early Christian architecture dating back to the 5th century. It contains some of the earliest wall paintings of the Canton Tessin, dating from the 9th to 15th century, often overlapping in a complex stratigraphy and surviving only in portions. Between 1953 and 1955 the building underwent an important architectural and painting restoration project. Since 2017 the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) is involved in the study and conservation of the wall paintings. Following preliminary research aimed to collect background information, a thorough condition assessment identified and mapped the different deterioration phenomena affecting the interior surfaces. The most challenging deterioration problem is related to the presence of soluble salts. The on-going diagnostic study includes the identification of the salts, their crystalline habits and the interior microclimate. This is necessary to plan an adequate intervention to stabilize the wall paintings. Salts efflorescence were analyzed with Polarized Light Microscopy and FT-IR ATR spectroscopy. Moisture distribution and hygroscopicity were assessed in various interior and exterior points through microcore sampling. The results showed that salt efflorescences are mainly composed of gypsum and epsomite and that moisture is present due to capillary rise and infiltrations. The presence of gypsum is due to materials used in previous interventions. The deterioration mechanism is on-going and during the first wall painting conservation campaign ( Fall of 2020)the decision was taken not to treat the areas actively affected by salts, but to monitor them over time in order to understand their behaviors and take an educated decision in the near future.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Caroselli, M. and Iazurlo, P. and Acquistapace, G. and Uccelli, M. and Guglielmetti, M. and Pidò, A. and Piqué, F. } }

Crevals.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Crevals.etal:2021,

title = {Salt problems and climate control in the case of the church of Sint-Aldegondis in Mespelare, Belgium, an ECOS/RUNSALT approach}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {13-20}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the church of Sint-Aldegonis in Mespelare, Belgium, severe damage was observed on the plaster and brick masonry caused by the exposure to salts and moisture. Adding to the complexity, the church houses important murals from the 14th to the 18th century that are also affected. To assess the situation and provide advice, both moisture and salt contents were analysed. The actual and hygroscopic moisture contents were determined gravimetrically, and the quantification of the ions was carried out by ion chromatography. The results show extreme concentrations of moisture and salts, with salt contents, excluding gypsum, up to 17 wt.%, containing, besides sodium carbonate, mainly sodium chloride and sodium sulfate and in lower quantities also potassium chloride and potassium nitrate. The results show extreme concentrations of moisture and salts. The values of the ion mixtures were used to model the behaviour of the salts in changing climatic conditions with ECOS/RUNSALT. Furthermore, the theoretically determined crystalli sation behaviour of several salt solutions was further investigated within a micro-climate chamber at 95 %RH and Raman spectroscopy. At this RH gypsum and gorgeyite formed in the salt solution derived from the plaster. The results led to the conclusion that once rising damp is stopped and the RH is maintained below 60 %, the main phase transitions of the salt mixtures could be prevented, thus minimizing future salt damage to the masonry and murals. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Crevals, V. and Godts, S. and Desarnaud, J.} }

De Kock.etal:2021 @inproceedings { De Kock.etal:2021,

title = {Implications of using meteorological records to assess the environmental risk of salt crystallization cycles in stone }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {31-39}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Salt crystallization and dissolution cycles can significantly contribute to the degradation of stone, brick and mortar.One year of meteorological observations is used to evaluate the environmental risk using a threshold approach for a NaCl single salt. We illustrate the effect of boundary conditions such as the averaging timeframe and the minimum RH on the determined number of salt phase transitions, which are informed by droplet experiments. Additionally, the mitigating effect of crystallization within a porous substrate is explored using heat-air-moisture simulations. The results provide a better understanding of regional and seasonal differences in the environmental risk of salt weathering. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {De Kock, T. and Orr, S.A. and Guilbert, D. and Godts, S. and Caluwaerts, S. and Cnudde, V. and Desarnaud, J. } }

Ergenç.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Ergenç.etal:2021,

title = {A green salt mitigation technique for archaeological bricks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {263-272}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In historic masonry structures, rising damp is the main source of moisture and salt. Damage due to moisture and salts is augmented after archaeological research, where decay occurs before and after excavation. This study investigates the conservation of salt-damaged fired bricks dating back to the Roman period from the archaeological site Sagalassos through desalination with a sacrificial rendering mortar incorporating bamboo biochar as a novel additive. The brick samples were first freed from salt and then exposed to controlled sodium sulfate contamination. The sacrificial rendering mortar was applied to the salt-contaminated bricks. Half of the samples was left as-is, while the other half was placed in 1 cm water to mimic rising damp conditions. This procedure was repeated several times. After each application, the salt amount at different depths was measured in the bricks. The effect of biochar on the developed mortars and the desalination efficiency of the mortars were assessed, using Dino Lite digital microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRF, ion chromatography, XRD, and TGA-DTA. Preliminary results suggest that utilization of biochar incorporating sacrificial mortar is a promising ecologically friendly solution for salt mitigation.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ergenç, D. and Akgül, Ç. M. and Cizer, Ö.} }

Eslami.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Eslami.etal:2021,

title = {Electro-osmosis and capillary suction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Dampness in masonries is a major problem in many buildings and monuments worldwide. Techniques based on electro-osmosis have been proposed as conservation methods to dehumidify masonry subjected to capillary suction. Although electroosmotic techniques have been applied for decades, the effect is still debated.This paper reports an experimental investigation on electro-osmosis in single bricks in a laboratory setup originally designed for electro -desalination. Two types of bricks were used. The samples had different lengths and different initial water content. A poultice composition was designed with neglectable electroosmotic effect and effective buffering of the acid produced from the electrode process at the anode. Four poultices with different concentrations of CaCO3 and kaolinite were examined, and the poultice consisting of calcium carbonate:kaolinite:water with the ratio of 40:10:50 (wt  %) fulfilled the requirement. It was seen that more the kaolinite in the mixture, more the electro-osmosis. A constant voltage of 75V was applied to the electrodes in each end of the setup. The zeta potential of the bricks was comparable to the zeta potential in kaolinite, and thus electro-osmosis in the bricks was expected. However, the water content reached saturation all through the brick specimens in every experiment, and there was no difference in water content in the two poultices. Thus, the capillary forces causing water suction into the bricks from the poultices were the strongest and overshadowed the possible electroosmotic effect. Therefore, this work shows that capillary forces need to be taken into account when designing setups for evaluation of electro-osmosis in materials with strong capillarity. The same is valid for in real applications, in case a continuous source of water is present.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Eslami, N. and Feijoo, J. and Paz -Garcia, J. and Franzoni, E. and Ottosen, L. M.} }

Franzoni.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Franzoni.etal:2021,

title = {Development of hydroxyapatitechitosan-based treatments for the mitigation of salt damage in globigerina limestone }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {233-240}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Many soft limestones used in heritage buildings in the Mediterranean area are af fected by salt crystallization, leading to alveolization and dramatic stoneloss. To fight saltinduced deterioration of stone, different treatments were recently proposed, aimed at modifying the crystallization of salts during either the nucleation or growth of the crystals. In particular, strategies based on crystallization inhibitors and promoters were studied in the literature. In this paper, a new two-step treatment was applied to Globigerina limestone samples. The treatment consists in the application of an aqueous solution based on diammonium hydrogen phosphate, followed by the application of a chitosan solution. The first one produces aninorganic layer of calcium phosphate phases (mainly hydroxyapatite) and is aimed not only at consolidating the stone and preventing calcite dissolution, but also at providing a rough anchoring substrate for chitosan. The second layer is formed by chitosan, a biopolymer that was shown to have an inhibiting action on the crystallization of sodium sulphate. The two solutions were applied to the limestone samples both alone and combined, adopting different concentrations.The effects of the treatments were investigated in terms of phase formation, pore size distribution modification and change in the dynamic elastic modulus. Then, treated and untreated limestone samples were subjected to an accelerated crystallization procedure in laboratory, to evaluate the benefits deriving from the treatments. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Franzoni, E. and Sassoni, E. and Marrone, C.} }

Godts.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Godts.etal:2021,

title = {Investigating the behavior of common salt mixtures in stone materials }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {49-51}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Godts, S. and Steiger, M. and De Kock, T. and Desarnaud, J. and Orr, S.A. and Cnudde, V. and De Clercq, H.} }

Gulotta.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Gulotta.etal:2021,

title = {Comparative estimation of the pore filling of single salts in natural stone}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {79-88}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Estimating the pore filling due to salt crystallization in stones is crucial to determine the potential susceptibility to damage. Considering that salts tend to follow the path of least resistance when crystallizing, the pore space needs to be filled for damage to occur. Only when such a condition is achieved, the growing crystals can exert enough pressure against the pore wall to initiate the damage. However, calculating the pore filling is a tedious task and often overlooked. This paper discusses the results of two methodological approaches to estimate the pore filling in Maastricht stone samples subjected to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate contamination. The investigation is part of an ongoing technical committee developing a laboratory test to assess the durability of porous materials to salt crystallization (RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC). The first method exploits an image analysis approach using scanning electron microscopyon polished crosssections. The second method follows a theoretical approach based on the salt content data determined by ion chromatography, the molar mass and volume of Na2SO4(thenardite) and NaCl, the dry bulk density and o pen porosity of the Maastricht limestone. The deviations observed in the results from the two methods are discussed with respect to the potential methodological issues. Some possible strategies to mitigate such discrepancies are proposed. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Gulotta, D. and Godts, S. and De Kock, T. and Steiger, M.} }

Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Janvier-Badosa.etal:2021,

title = {Analysis of spalling in tuffeau: case study of the castles of Chambord and Chaumont-sur-Loire in France }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {327-335}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The main historic monuments of the Loire Valley in France are built with tuffeau. This very porous and soft siliceous limestone presents many technical and aesthetic advantages justifying its wide use. Among the most damaging degradations of tuffeau, spalling is the most destructive one. This study aimed at verifying the profiles of gypsum content observed in spalling of tuffeau at the castle of Chambord during a previous study. Here, samples from both the Castle of Chambord and from the Castle of Chaumont-sur-Loire were collected to provide more extensive and thus representative data for monuments made out of tuffeau in the Loire Valley. For all samples, in both castles, a systematic presence of gypsum was observed in areas subjected to spalling. The gypsum content is always very low at the surface and progressively increases (always around 1%) up to the depth of the zone where the crack is present, and then decreases along depth. No other salt was detected. This study also proved that preexistent cracking is not necessary for gypsum to crystallize. All these statements are totally in accordance with the previous study, hence allowing to confirm its representativeness. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Janvier-Badosa, S. and Beck, K. and Balawi, M. T. and Janvier, R. and Brunetaud, X. } }

Kamat.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Kamat.etal:2021,

title = {Effect of alkali ferrocyanides on crystallisation of sodium chloride: preliminary results}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {109-118}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Sodium chloride (NaCl)is one of the ubiquitous soluble salts in the environment and is responsible for weathering of building materials. The salt weathering is attributed to the stress developed from crystallisation of these salts in pores of the building materials, with supersaturation as the driving force. In the last years, researchers have successfully mitigated the damage associated with the crystallisation of NaCl by the use of alkali -ferrocyanides (crystallisation inhibitors) in porous building materials. The observed mitigation of the damage has been attributed to lowering of the crystallisation pressure, possibly related to changes in the crystal habit and preferential crystallisation of the salt in the form of efflorescence instead of crypto-florescence. However, the effect of the inhibitor on the development of the so-called crystallisation pressure has not been studied in detail yet. In fact, direct measurement of this pressure is challenging and, until now, only a few experiments have been successful. In this research, an experimental set-up has been developed to directly measure the crystallisation forces of NaCl and the effect of fer- rocyanide on these, while visualizing the crystallization process under a microscope. Some preliminary tests using this set-up have been carried out: these consisted in monitoring force evolution from a drop of solution with and without the inhibitor confined between two glass plates.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kamat, A. and Lubelli, B. and Schlangen, E.} }

Kimura.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Kimura.etal:2021,

title = {Fundamental study on desalination methods for brick chimneys part 1 desalination by ion diffusion }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {273-274}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kimura, A. and Abuku, M. and Fumoto, T. and Uno, T. and Iba, C.} }

Kyriakou.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Kyriakou.etal:2021,

title = {Assessment of salt distribution in Maastricht and migné limestones with the use of micro-destructive techniques}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {153-162}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The durability of building materials against salt crystallization is currently assessed using standardized and other accelerated weathering laboratory tests. However, these test methods usually do not simulate the performance of a material in practice realistically. Therefore, they do not always shed enough light on the evaluation of the salt crystallization phenomenon and the prevention of its damaging results. This study focuses on the use of two micro-destructive cutting techniques, based on the measurement of scratching and drilling resistance, to assess salt distribution within Maastricht and Migné limestones, following the procedure developed within the framework of RILEM TC ASC-271 activities for the accumulation of salts. Data collected on freshly quarried reference samples and samples contaminated with NaCl and Na2SO4 are presented. The results, which are entirely in line with complementary μ-XRF measurements, vividly show changes in the microstructure of the salt-contaminated samples. These changes, which are reflected in increased cutting resistance peaks, are consistent in both the scratching and drilling resistance patterns, and they suggest that salts accumulate at or near the evaporation surface of the test specimens, resulting in pore clogging.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Kyriakou, L. and Sanchez, A.M.A. and Nunes, C. and Ioannou, I.} }

Larsen:2021 @inproceedings { Larsen:2021,

title = {Durabilitiy of traditional renders on a garden wall at Marienlyst Park, Elsinore}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {317-326}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The wall surrounding Marienlyst Park has suffered decay for many decades. A test program was conducted over five years to find the most durable solution for its maintenance. The performance of six different renders was evaluated by moisture measurements over the cross section of the wall. Only traditional mortars with lime or hydraulic lime binders were tested. Restoration mortars containing Portland cement and additives were not included. The 15th century brick wall is approximately 3 m high and has a 1.5 m backfill of soil. The water content of the wall was monitored with a dielectric probe at three levels above the ground. The average moisture content changed during the test period in accordance with the rainfall. There was an increase in wet seasons and decrease in dry seasons. The drying rate was rapid and almost independent of the type of render. The main source of moisture was the soil at the back side rather than driving rain at the front side. The decay related mainly to the thickness and the composition of the plaster. Two or three layers of hydraulic lime mortars were the most resistant to weathering, whereas a single layer of lime mortar was the least durable. It is difficult to predict the lifetime of the renders based on the performance in the first five years. Even the best rendering will likely require regular maintenance due to the moisture migration from the soil.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Larsen, P. K.} }

Laue.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Laue.etal:2021,

title = {20 years long-term monitoring of the salt loaded crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {307-316}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne damages of stones and wall paintings are caused by cyclic crystallization and dissolution of the salts halite [NaCl] and nitratine [NaNO3] due to climate changes. Based on a research project between 1992 and 1996, the LVR-State Service for Historical Monuments, architects, scientists and restorers implemented certain measures and started a new monitoring concept in 2000 aiming to diminish the damages and salt concentrations in the crypt. The monitoring concept included the periodical collection of weathered stone debris coming off the walls, in addition to regular climate measuremen ts and salt analyses. Monitoring in combination with climate measurements are executed overa period of 20 years. Combining intervention in the room climate on the one hand and salt extractions on the other hand, turned out to be effective measures. Prerequisites for reaching this result are detailed insights into the interaction between building materials, moisture, salts, and environmental conditions. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of a constructive cooperation of departments, architects, scientists and restorers, resulting in a lasting conservation concept for an object highly contaminated by soluble salts.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Laue, S. and Schaab, C. and Drese, D. and Krauthäuser, D. and Helfmeier, D. and Vogt, J.} }

Le Dizès.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Le Dizès.etal:2021,

title = {Two-steps treatments for the consolidation of carbonate stone artworks }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {225-232}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {An important part of our cultural heritage, such as artefacts, statues or historical monuments, is exposed to chemical and physical degradation over time. The degradation can lead to fractures and/or loss of cohesion among the individual particles forming the material components. It can also damage the painting layers: flaking of the surface layers, powdering etc. To protect weakened porous materials, filmforming substances, resins and polymeric materials are often used to consolidate weakened porous objects and structures. Although progress has been made in improving consolidation treatments for silicate stones, the treatments are much less effective when used on carbonate stones (such as marble or limestone) because of the chemical incompatibility between the grains and the common treatments. Here, we present a novel two-step treatment for consolidating weakened artworks made of porous limestone. Coupling agents are synthetized as a pre-treatment step to prepare the porous net work prior to the application of the consolidant. The latter can then be applied successfully without inducing crack formation during drying. The efficiency of the two-step treatment was studied at the microscale and linked to the macroscopic mechanical properties, such as the Young’s modulus and stress at break of the materials after treatment. Our results have advantages over other types of the treatments based on lime nanoparticles: the two-step treatment proposed here is easy to implement while being eco-friendly. In addition,it respects several other important criteria, such as the ability to restore the mechanical properties of damaged stones without changing their physical appearance and other properties, such as porosity or permeability. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Le Dizès, R. and Jaïs, D. and Shahidzadeh, N.} }

McSkimming.etal:2021 @inproceedings { McSkimming.etal:2021,

title = {Salt crystallisation decay in historic stone masonry: from experimental to onsite assessment }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {183-185}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {McSkimming, E. R. and Vasconcelos, G. and Dionísio, A.} }

Mizutani.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Mizutani.etal:2021,

title = {Evaluation of change in pore network structure caused by halite crystallisation }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {173-181}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Pore clogging by salt crystallisation significantly changes both vapour and liquid moisture transport. This study aimed to quantify salt crystal distribution in porous materials and the change in the pore network structure before and after salt crystallisation to evaluate the effects of pore clogging on the mass transport phenomena. Three-dimensional scanning by synchr otron X-ray computed tomography (SPring-8, Japan) was conducted to quantify the time change in salt crystal distribution during evaporation.Fired clay brick specimens saturated with a salt (NaCl) solution were dried under ambient conditions and scanned at specific time instants. The amount of the salt crystal determined by image analysis was consistent with the estimated values obtained by the weight measurement of vaporised water. Additionally, the pore size distribution, tortuosity and effective porosity and specific surface area before and after salt precipitation are calculated by the 3D medial axis(3DMA) processing with segmented images to investigate the change of saturated hydraulic conductivity and vapour diffusivity due to salt precipitation. Below a certain depth, the physical properties decreased linearly with increasing salt occupancy.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Mizutani, E. and Ogura, D. and Abuku, M. and Derluyn, H. } }

Nunes.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Nunes.etal:2021,

title = {Towards a new salt crystallisation test: comparison of salt contamination procedures }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {69-77}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The RILEM TC 271-ASC is currently developing a new ageing test to assess the resistance of porous building materials to salt crystallisation. The new test consists of two phases: salt accumulation and damage propagation. This paper focuses on the salt accumulation phase; this phase should promote salt crystallisation close to the evaporative surface of the substrates (common situation onsite) without leading to salt efflorescence or damage. Damage should take place in the propagation phase, which is not add ressed in this paper. This work compares the effectiveness of three contamination procedures for salt accumulation: P1) salt contamination by capillary absorption of salt solution, followed by drying; P2) continuous capillary absorption of salt solution; P3) placement of salt crystals on the surface of the materials followed by the conditioning of the specimens at high relative humidity until complete dissolution of the salts. The results of P1 and P2 procedures presented in this paper are detailed in a sep arate publication, while this paper focuses on P3 procedure and compares the results. The effectiveness of each procedure has been evaluated by assessing the salt distribution in the specimen using ion chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. The r esults show that P3 is technically the least complicated to set up and does not entail the risk of development of salt efflorescence or damage. However, it can lead to salt migration within the specimens to a greater depth, hence future research is proposed to counteract this effect.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Nunes, C. and Godts, S. and Aguilar Sanchez, A.M. and Slížková, Z. and Lubelli, B.} }

Ottosen:2021 @inproceedings { Ottosen:2021,

title = {Electromigration of K+ and NO3- natural stone and brick under application of constant voltage }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {251-261}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Transport of ions in an applied electric field (electromigration) can be used in conservation actions both for removal (electrodesalination) and supply (electroprecipitation) of ions out from or into the substrate. For the further development of these methods, increased understanding of the influence from side effects on the transport of the target ions is necessary. Electromigration has most often been investigated under application of a constant current. In this work, a constant voltage is applied, and it reports a direct comparison of electromigration of K+ and NO3- through substrates with different porosities. Prisms, one brick and four natural stones, were prepared and contaminated with NaCl in exactly the same way. Electromigration experiments were made under the same applied constant voltage. During the first hours, the current was very different between the experiments (from 2.3 to 72 mA), showing major difference in the electrical conductivity of the substrates - the higher the porosity, the higher the conductivity (and current). The current developed differently between the experiments. By the end of the 3 days experiments, the current was between 3.4 and 9.2 mA and independent of the substrate porosity. During the experiments, the electrode processes and the connected side effects influenced the electromigration of K+ and NO3- to different extents in the different substrates, and the most in the substrates with high porosity. The experiments underline that the electromigration of target ions depends strongly on the substrate when applying a constant voltage, because the substrate conductivity determines the current and thus the side effects. Applying a constant current instead, as in most of the previous works, enables better managing of the side effects.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ottosen, L. M.} }

Overhoff:2021 @inproceedings { Overhoff:2021,

title = {The conservation of dutch architectural glazed ceramic tiles containing soluable salts: approaches in practice and dilemmas faced by the conservator }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {297-304}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Tin-glazed tiles for architectural purposes were produced in the Netherlands from the end of the 16th century. These tiles were extensively used in buildings in the Netherlands, but they are also found as far away as Brazil. Today tiles are considered important cultural heritage with a clear historical value, but often also an aesthetic or even an artistic value. They may be valued as individual tiles, but it is important to also consider their value within an ensemble. Tin-glazed tiles that are still in situ can be badly affected by crystallizing salts. Unfortunately, it is the most defining part of the tile, the glaze-layer, that is most vulnerable. The conservation of tin-glazed tiles affected by soluble salts often requires invasive treatments including removing the tiles fr om their location and desalinating them in water. Such treatment is not without risk for the tiles. In other situations, tiles might have to be replaced with replicas or similar contemporary tiles. In order to be able to justify any such treatment it is important for the conservator to acquire a better understanding of the causes of the salt crystallization. This requires research, performed by a researcher specialized in this field, and which should include investigations into the moisture sources and the amount and type of salt ions that are present. This information is often necessary in order to determine a conservation strategy that best preserves the value of the tile with as minimal intervention as required. For the preservation of tin-glazed tiles it is important that the value of research is better understood by both conservators and other stakeholders. }, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Overhoff, M. W.} }

Datei:SWBSS 2017 Proceedings 42-48 Abuku Ogura Hokoi.pdf
Pater:2021 @inproceedings { Pater:2021,

title = {Desalination, a heritage architect’s perspective }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {287-296}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Desalination can be a solution to conserve our monuments, but on what conditions? With two desalination projects in Amsterdam in the last 2 decades, we’ve worked alongside the researchers of TNO and TU Delft to find solutions to create the optimal conditions for large scale desalination in situ.In project ‘De Waag’, the mail goal was to conserve the Masterpieces of masonry from the 17th century, which were damaged by mostly NaCl2. For an in-situ treatment we have looked at methods suitable to use at large scale. This resulted in a mechanical application of the poultice by spraying. While the treatment to reduce the saturation of salt was successful, a post -treatment was needed in order to clean the masterpieces of the debris left by the clay (kaolin) in the poultice. With knowledge of the Waag, the tower of the Zuiderkerk (1614), offered a new challenge. In this case sodium sulphate was the dominant salt responsible for degradation of the masonry. Reducing sodium sulphate has more risks, and those risks can only be controlled while applying a poultice in warmer condition. The main goal was to find a solution to partly heathen the wall on those parts of the tower where salt load was too high. Trying several electrical heating systems, we’ve found the most ideal option. Both projects resulted in some practical and effective options, but also lessons learned by all the trails conducted. Main conclusion is that large scale in-situ desalination is possible, and methods to make it effective can be useful for other projects, but only after extensive research and monitoring.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Pater, R.} }

Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021 @inproceedings { Röhrig-Dalgaard:2021,

title = {Potential salt damage assessment and prevention based on micro samples}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Assessment methods for potential salt damage on cultural heritage sites must fulfill what most often seems to be contradictory criteria: ensure a reliable diagnosis while using non-destructive measuring techniques. This work is a step down the road to over come this contradiction, by performing a reliable diagnosis for salt damage assessment using micro samples(5-25 mg). Possibilities and limitations of the use of micro samples for assessment and prevention of potential salt damage are examined, by comparing this method with well-known diagnosis methods.When using smaller samples, more precise measurement methods are needed. The present work documents that the in-build high accuracy balance in the DVS instrument enables the precise determination of hygroscopic moisture even when using micro samples. Even the smallest sample size of 5 mg was sufficient to obtain reliable hygroscopic moisture content results and to identify the presence of salts and determine the deliquescence point. Along with the determination of the deliques- cence point, the influence of the kinetics on the behavior of salt mixtures could be followed.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Röhrig-Dalgaard, I.} }

Salvi.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Salvi.etal:2021,

title = {Experimental determination of salt content in artificial weathered samples of sedimentary stones}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {89-98}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Many well-known techniques allow determine the amount of salt present in a sample, but most of them require its destruction or the extraction of the salt from the sample. In this work, we tested some Non-Destructive-Techniques in order to correlate the amount of salt in a sample with its physical properties.Samples of four sedimentary rocks, commonly used as building stones, have been contaminated with two salts, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, and with a mixture of both. Some of the contaminated samples have been artificially weathered. Salt contamination and weathering methodologies are based on those proposed by the RILEM Technical Committee TC 271-ASC (see Lubelli et al. paper in this conference, [1], [2]). After salt precipitation, some of the samples have been measured, and others have experienced more weathering cycles before being measured. Studied stones are Maastricht and Migné limestones, already used in previous work, and Lutetien, Savonnières and Tuffeau limestones commonly used in French monuments of Paris area and Loire valley respectively. Porosities vary from 30 to almost 50%.Contamination and weathering procedures are presented in [1] and [2]. The goal is to obtain a non-uniform salt distribution into the specimen, similar to what is observed in real cases. In tested samples, P -wave velocity has been measured every 5 mm from the evaporation surface of the sample until 50 mm, which is the length of the sample. After that the sample has been split into two parts vertically. One half has been observed by different microscopical techniques, and from the other half, slices have been cut every 5mm. On these slices density and water vapour absorption have been determined by He-pycnometry and with a Multisample Dynamic Moisture Sorption (ProUmid GmbH & Co. KG). A good correlation exists between both parameters and the distance to the surface. We can conclude that these techniques show the highest amount of salt content close to the surface.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Salvi, A. and Menendez, B.} }

Stahlbuhk.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Stahlbuhk.etal:2021,

title = {Barium nitrate as a result of the barium method and potential damage aspects }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {99-108}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Wall paintings represent one of the most fragile cultural treasures. Their finely porous and decorated surface is exposed to the environment and their support may be connected to ground or infiltration water, both making it susceptible to salts. While hygroscopic salts usually enter the pore network of objects via ground or infiltration water, the formation of gypsum, which is often present as a superficial crust, is the result of acidic deposition of SO2 from the environment. Even though air pollution has decreased in recent decades, many objects are still affected by these crusts, which represent a serious risk, especially for sensitive wall paintings. The“barium method” developed in the 1960s represented a huge progress in the conservation of wall paintings by successfully combining the removal of gypsum and the consolidation of the porous structure. However, pertinent literature describes the issue of hygroscopic, nitrate -containing pore solutions already present in the object that allow the formation of more soluble barium nitrate, if these nitrates were not effectively removed before the application of the method. Despite this warning, the actual damage potential of Ba(NO3)2 has not yet been investigated. This study focusses on damage aspects of barium nitrate and discusses results of damage tests and considerations of the damage related behavior of Ba(NO 3)2, also in hygroscopic salt mixtures. The results support the a ssumption that the salt poses a potential risk, which could be enhanced in mixtures with other salts. Thus, the study aims to increase the awareness of the risk of barium nitrate formation on wall paintings.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Stahlbuhk, A. and Steiger, M.} }

Takatori.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Takatori.etal:2021,

title = {Measurement of sodium chloride solution permeability and sorptivity }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {163-171}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In desalination by poulticing, predicting the amount of desalination and salt concentration in the poultice and base material is important. The transport of a solution in a porous material is determined by its driving force and permeability, both of which may differ between pure water and salt solutions. In particular, for materials with surface charges, the electric double layer formed on the material surface may affect both the driving force and permeability of the salt solution.We aim to develop a prediction method to calculate the amount of water and salt transport in porous materials during desalination. As the first step of this study, to examine the saline water transport phenomenon in porous materials, we conducted the saline water permeability and absorption tests of NaCl aqueous solutions in tuff.The results showed that the saline water permeability coefficient in the tuff can be adequately estimated by considering saline water density and viscosity based on the Hagen–Poiseuille law, when the salt concentration is a bove 0.61 molal. Furthermore, this law does not apply to the relation ship between the permeability for pure and saline water; moreover, it may be necessary to consider the effect of the salt concentration dependence of the electric double layer structure.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Takatori, N. and Sakai, K. and Ogura, D. and Wakiya, S. and Abuku, M. } }

Tedeschi.etal:2021a @inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021a,

title = {Consideration on the influence of deterioration on deformation velocity in mortar and cement paste specimens subjected to external aggressive attacks }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {199-201}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Garavaglia, E.} }

Tedeschi.etal:2021b @inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021b,

title = {Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {359-360}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Di Benedetto, F. and Montegrossi and G. Coppola, M. } }

Thorn.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Thorn.etal:2021,

title = {Micro-photogrammetry to monitor salt impact on petroglyphs}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {A project focusing on the potential industrial impact on a cluster of one million engraved boulders in a remote desert location, requires, among other metrics, the study of micro-spalling because of potential crypto-fluorescence, or surface depo-sition, both of which change the surface morphology at the micro-scale, including pre-spall swelling. Project outcomes include deploying technologies readily implemented in-field, ultimately by locally trained operators.This paper outlines the system, in cluding the operation of a portable fully automated triaxial scanning frame and the processing technologies deployed to produce a 3D photogrammetric model, and the further processing of that model to provide long-term indicators of change.All three axes are programmed to scan with a single button press, gathering up to 5,600 images over the target within 150 minutes. To acquire fully focused Z-axis images, a stack of 20 images is acquired at 1 mm vertical intervals. The other dimensions are set to image any given point 4-9 times, depending on the overlap. System screening identified a 36Mp DSLR fitted with a Zeiss 4x objective as the most effective imaging system, including being an existing piece of field equipment used for other studies, only requiring the addition of the objective and its mount.The Z- axis image stacks are processed through Helicon Focus to reduce the 5,600 images to 250 stacks, submitted to Agisoft Metashape for model construction. The model is interrogated using various measurement programs including CAD, Metashape and Cloud Compare to establish vital change metrics.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Thorn, A.J. and Collie, B.T.} }

https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:SWBSS-2021_Thorn_etal_141-151.pdf
Ugolotti.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Ugolotti.etal:2021,

title = {Interaction between sodium chloride and ammonium phosphate on Carrara marble: two laboratory approaches }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {119-128}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The present paper aims at investigating the interaction between NaCl and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solutions,in view of field consolidation of NaCl-contaminated substrates by DAP. Two different approaches were tested on marble: part of the specimens was treated by a single solution containing both NaCl and DAP (“NaCl+DAP” samples) and part of the specimens was subjected to a two-step treatment, consisting in preliminary contamination by NaCl and subsequent consolidation by DAP (“NaCl then DAP” samples). For each approach, different NaCl and DAP concentrations were tested. The new phases, formed after treatment, were characterized by FT-IR and SEM and their consolidating effect was assessed by ultrasonic measurements, in terms of increase in dynamic elastic modulus (Ed). To investigate the influence of the NaCl contamination on the durability of the consolidating treatments, consolidated specimens were repeatedly immersed in water, the solubilized ions were analyzed by ion chromatography and the possible decrease in consolidating efficacy was assessed by Ed. The results of the study point out that, following either approach, new calcium phosphate (CaP) phases were formed, identified by FT-IR as hydroxyapatite and/or octacalcium phosphate. These new phases led to significant increases in Ed, which experienced some reduction when the consolidated specimens were immersed in water. Nonetheless, the residual Ed was sensibly higher than in the untreated condition, indicating that a significant mechanical benefit was maintained. The “NaCl then DAP” samples, which resemble the actual situation in the field, seem to provide more reliable results than those obtained following the alternative approach. In fact, the combined treatment (“NaCl+DAP”) led to lower increases in Ed and less pronounced formation of new CaP, possibly because the presence of sodium and chloride ions in the DAP solution significantly altered the mechanisms of CaP formation.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ugolotti, G. and Masi, G. and Sassoni, E.} }

Ugrina.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Ugrina.etal:2021,

title = {Fourteen century limestone deterioration: desalination and restoration criteria }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {205-213}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {This paper describes conservation-restoration works carried out on the limestone dating 14th century, depicting St. Simeon and Elizabeth of Bosnia. Due to long-term exposure to environment in the museum yard and one inadequate restoration work in the 1950s, the stone showed a wide range of decay forms such as: delamination, exfoliation, disintegration, splintering, and powdering. The thickness and the shape of the damaged layers of the stone were variable. Laboratory research has shown a high concentration of soluble salts (chlorides, sulphates and nitrates, dominantly halite and gypsum), which caused accelerated decay of the limestone; therefore, the conservation-restoration process was focused on different desalination methods. Water baths were chosen for the desalination method, followed by barium hydroxide treatment. Before and after the desalination treatment, stone was consolidated by nano-lime. After the treatment, the stone relief was stabilized and ready for return to stabile museum environment.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Ugrina, H. and Marinković, V. and Mudronja, D.} }

Uno.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Uno.etal:2021,

title = {Environmental factors for salt weathering of modern Japanese brick chimney }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {41-48}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {In this study, we investigated the factors affecting the salt weathering of a brick chimney in a historical building used as a Japanese s ake brewery.The mapping of the weathered areas, field measurements of the thermal environment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the airflow and temperature in the brick chimney flue were conducted. The salt observed on the chimney was determined to be sodium sulfate(Na2SO4). The exhaust gas of the boiler was the major source of water and sodium sulfate. The water vapour in the hot exhaust gas with salts would condense on the cold surface inside the chimney flue, resulting in salt solution penetration into the brick; subsequently, water evaporation at the outside surface would lead to salt crystallisation. Our field observation showed that salt crystallisation was concentrated at 1 m above the floor but did not occur above 2 m, at the level where an exhaust pipe of the boiler gas was connected to the brick chimney. According to the surface temperature measurement results, the temperature increase at non-weathered areas was larger than that at weathered areas. The CFD analysis showed that warmer air moved upwards above the exhaust duct, whereas colder air remained stagnant below the exhaust duct. This result suggested that both the airflow and the corresponding temperature distribution in the brick chimney flue influenced the spatial distribution pattern of salt weathering.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, fulltext = {File:Tomoko-etal 2021 1.pdf}, author = {Uno, T. and Abuku, M. and Iba, C.} }

Viles.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Viles.etal:2021,

title = {Salt weathering hazards revisited}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {11-12}, publisher = {TU Delft Open }, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Viles, H.A. and Goudie, A.S.} }

Wijnhorst.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Wijnhorst.etal:2021,

title = {Crystallization damage at the interfaces of artworks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {195-197}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abtract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Wijnhorst, R. and Chekai, T. and Miranda, S. de and Pel, L. and Derluyn, H. and Shahidzadeh, N. } }

Yano.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Yano.etal:2021,

title = {Numerical simulation of sodium chloride crystallization in mosaic wall}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {191-193}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Yano, S. and Abuku, M. and Sasaki, J. and Ogura, D. } }

Larsen.etal:1999 @inproceedings { Larsen.etal:1999,

title = {Desalination of a painted brick vault in Kirkerup Church}, booktitle = {Preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 29 August - 3 September}, year = {1999}, volume = {volume II}, pages = {473-477}, address = {Lyon, France}, publisher = {ICOM}, note = {Kinetics for NaCl movement by humidity alone are slow, and NaCl tends to move into mortar (from damaged bricks) when liquid water is present. A sudden disruption of a wall painting on a vault in Kirkerup Church was caused by the crystallisation of sodium chloride. An attempt was made to desalinate the surface and to extract some of the salt from the upper side of the vault. Various ways of applying moisture to the vault were tried. Both lime mortar and a specially designed salt-extraction mortar were tested as a sacrificial plaster. The main problem was that the salt redistributed within the vault because of the water supplied by the mortar. The main benefit of a thick mortar on top of the vault is to protect against moisture from above.}, key = {salt crystallization}, author = {Larsen, Poul K. and Bøllingtoft, Peter} }

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Poul-Larsen-2/publication/268362632_Desalination_of_a_painted_brick_vault_in_Kirkerup_Church/links/54dddb720cf22a26721d07ce/Desalination-of-a-painted-brick-vault-in-Kirkerup-Church.pdf
Padfield:1998 @phdthesis { Padfield:1998,

title = {The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating Changes of Relative Humidity}, school = {Technical University of Denmark}, year = {1998}, type = {PhD thesis}, note = {Academic Department: Department of Structural Engineering and Materials}, author = {Padfield, T.} }

https://conservationphysics.org/phd/ch1a.pdf
Pique.etal:1992 @article { Pique.etal:1992,

title = {Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation}, journal = {Studies in Conservation}, year = {1992}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {217-227}, note = {Soluble salts are among the main causes of deterioration in wall paintings and the study of their properties is of both theoretical and practical benefit. For the purposes of this paper calcium nitrate, a deliquescent salt commonly found in wall paintings, was selected to clarify the role played by very hygroscopic salts in wall painting deterioration. The most suitable methods for analysis of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate have been identified, the environmental conditions under which salt activity may occur checked and some physicochemical parameters suggested for controlling the environment in order to avert such activity. The kinetics of water sorption have been studied to identify the various factors which might affect the rate of deliquescence. The variables included the mass of the salt, the presence of other salts, and the kind of support on which the salt is deposited. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were found to be the most reliable and practical techniques to identify the salt. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was found to deliquesce easily and recrystallize under environmental conditions typically prevailing for wall paintings. of the variables studied, the support had significant effect on the water sorption kinetics and, most significantly for wall paintings, it was found the deliquescence would occur most rapidly in plaster. -- CAL}, author = {Piqué, F. and Dei, L. and Ferroni, E.} }

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francesca-Pique/publication/271793495_Physicochemical_Aspects_of_the_Deliquescence_of_Calcium_Nitrate_and_Its_Implications_for_Wall_Painting_Conservation/links/57eb97a308ae4119b282a9ee/Physicochemical-Aspects-of-the-Deliquescence-of-Calcium-Nitrate-and-Its-Implications-for-Wall-Painting-Conservation.pdf
Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011 @article { Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011,

title = {Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain)}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, year = {2011}, volume = {63}, number = {7}, pages = {1433--1445}, doi = {10.1007/s12665-010-0657-5}, author = {Kontozova-Deutsch, Velichka and Cardell, Carolina and Urosevic, Maja and Ruiz-Agudo,Encarnación and Deutsch, Felix and Van Grieken, René } }

https://www.ugr.es/~grupo179/pdf/Cardell%202011.pdf
Tedeschi.etal:2021 @inproceedings { Tedeschi.etal:2021b,

title = {Effects of sea-salt aerosol on the coastal towers of Nothern Puglia }, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {359-360}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Artikel nur Abstract}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf}, author = {Tedeschi, C. and Di Benedetto, F. and Montegrossi and G. Coppola, M. } }

Lubelli:2021 @inproceedings { Lubelli:2021,

title = {A new accelerated laboratory test for the assessment of the durability of materials with respect to salt crystallization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 – Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {55-67}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {The RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC was set up in 2016 with the aim of developing an improved procedure for the assessment of the durability of porous building materials, such as brick and natural stone, against salt crystallization, accelerating the deterioration process without significantly altering its mechanism.The test procedure developed by the TC 271-ASC proposes a new approach to saltcrystallization tests. It starts from the consideration that it is necessary to accumulate a certain amount of salt to activate the damage. Thus salt damage can be seen as a process developing in two phases: accumulation and propagation. Based on this approach, a new salt crystallization test procedure has been defined, consisting of two phases: a first phase, in which salts are introduced in the material and accumulate close to the evaporation surface, followed by a second phase, in which damage propagates because of repeated dissolution and crystallization cycles induced by re-wetting with liquid water and by relative humidity (RH) changes. In this paper the procedure is described and the reasons for the choices made are elucidated. The procedure has been tested on two types of limestone and, at the moment of writing, is being validated in a round robin test carried out on 9 different substrates and involving 11 laboratories. Based on the results of the round robin test, the procedure will be fine-tuned.}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf }, author = {Lubelli, B. and RILEM TC 271-ASC members} }

-
Lubelli.etal:2021 @proceedings { Lubelli.etal:2021,

title = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Japanese Brick Chimney}, year = {2021}, editor = {Lubelli, B.; Kamat, A.A.; Quist, W.J.}, pages = {}, publisher = {TU Delft Open}, note = {Proceedings of SWBSS 2021 Fifth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures Delft University of Technology Delft, the Netherlands 22-24 September 2021 ISBN 978-94-6366-439-4}, key = {SWBSS 2021}, url = {https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf} }

https://predict.kikirpa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SWBSS2021_Procedings.pdf
Siedel:2008 @incollection {Siedel:2008,

title = {Salt-induced alveolar weathering of rhyolite tuff on a building: causes and processes}, booktitle = {Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures}, publisher = {Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark}, year = {2008}, editor = {Ottosen, L. M. and Rörig-Dalgaard, I. and Larsen, P. K. and Brajer, I. and Bøllingtoft, P. and Marciniak, M. and Svane, M.}, address = {}, pages = {79-88}, author = {Siedel, H.} }

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjy_tXe6PH9AhXIQPEDHUysAssQFnoECAkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.hawk-hhg.de%2Fimages%2F8%2F8a%2FSiedel-SWBSS-2008.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3F_Wa1B7RaeeGjzaDK4x63
Verges-Belmin.etal:2008 http://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2087/
Weber.etal:1996 @incollection { Weber.etal:1996,

title = {Crystallization of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study}, booktitle = {Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments}, publisher = {Tecnomack}, year = {1996}, editor = {Zezza, F.}, address = {Bari, Italy}, pages = {167-179}, author = {Weber, J. and Leitner, H. and Gaggl, W. and Szambelan, R.} }

http://aei.pitt.edu/52354/1/A7256res.pdf
Siegesmund.etal:2023 @article{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2,

author = {Siegesmund, S. and Gross, C.J. and Dohrmann, R. and Marler, B. and Ufer, K. and Koch T.}, title = {Moisture expansion of tuff stones and sandstones}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {83}, number = {146}, year = {2023}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2}, URL = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2#citeas}, } }

DOI=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2 Link=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-023-10809-2#citeas Bemerkungen = in: Environmental Earth Sciences, 83, 146
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title = {Salze und Salzkrusten}, booktitle = {Wandmalerei-Schäden. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen}, publisher = { }, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, address = {Hannover}, pages = {110-114}, author = {Bläuer Böhm, C.} }

-
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title = {Crystal growth in porous materials—I: The crystallization pressure of large crystals}, journal = {Journal of Crystal Growth}, volume = {282}, number = {3}, pages = {455-469}, year = {2005}, issn = {0022-0248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.007 }, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022024805005920}, author = {Michael Steiger}, keywords = {A1. Stresses, A1. Supersaturated solutions, B1. Salts, B1. Sodium chloride}, abstract = {A critical review of the existing literature on the pressure exerted by growing crystals in porous materials reveals that a number of different equations are in use. A derivation of an equation for the crystallization pressure based on the chemical potentials of the loaded and the unloaded faces of a growing crystal is provided. The equation obtained is compared to other equations available in the literature and the different approaches are discussed in detail. The treatment also includes the non-ideal behavior of the liquid phase using the ion interaction approach (Pitzer equations) which is well-established in solution thermodynamics. Incorporating the ion interaction equations in the crystallization pressure equation yields a quite simple expression that appears to be more convenient than previous treatments. The equation is applied to calculate crystallization pressures for supersaturated solutions of aqueous NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, and MgSO4 including the various hydrated forms of these salts. Depending on the nature of the salt, neglecting the non-ideal behavior may cause considerable error in crystallization pressure calculations. Finally, it is emphasized that the basic assumption of non-uniform pressure is fundamental to understand the dynamics of crystallization pressure evolving in porous materials.} }

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022024805005920
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Als Phase wird ein stofflicher Zustand bezeichnet, der in sich, makroskopisch betrachtet, homogen ist.

relative humidity /relative Luftfeuchte

Ist ein physikalischer Prozess, der zu einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung von Teilchen und somit zur vollständigen Durchmischung zweier oder mehrerer Stoffe führt.

X-ray diffraction = Röntgenbeugung

Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen (vormals Fachhochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen)

Differential-Thermoanalyse, eine Methode zur Charakterisierung von Materialien anhand von Reaktionswärmen

Thermogravimetrie

Digital Object Identifier, ein permanenter Identifier, der z.B. auf eine digital vorliegende Literaturstelle weist.

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